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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation |
stimulation of receptor cells that translate physical energy into nerve impulses |
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perception |
brains interpretation of sensations, providing order and meaning |
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Adaptation |
flexible systems that are especially sensitive to changes over time |
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Bottom up processing |
simply taking info from the senses and putting them together |
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Top down processing |
using beliefs, expectations, emotions etc to construct perceptions |
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Trichromatic theory |
three kinds of cones; colorblindness |
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Opponent process theory |
ganglion cells work in opposing fashion |
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Binocular/retinal disparity |
advantage of having two eyes |
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Temperature |
warm and cold receptors that both work for hot sensation |
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Gate-control theory of pain |
small fibers conduct pain, messages along large fibers can close the gate |
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Rods |
low light receptor cells, detect B&W |
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Cones |
detect bright light, color |
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Consciousness |
the awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feelings being experienced at a given moment |
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Rumination |
repeatedly thinking about the past (associated with depression) |
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Reflection |
examining one's though process; may provide insight |
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Automatic processing |
without awareness or control |
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Controlled processing |
requires more effort |
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Stages of Sleep |
More deep sleep (stages 3-4) early; more REM (and dreaming) later |
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Circadian Rhythms |
24 hour clock corresponding to light and dark |
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Psychodynamic or Freudian Perspective |
People have both conscious and unconscious motives |
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Manifest content |
actual events occurring in a dream |
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Latent content |
symbolic content or unconscious motives of a dream |
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Problem-focused approach (Cartwright) |
Dreams reflect current concerns and sometimes how to resolve them ("dream for survival") |
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Activation-synthesis Theory |
Cortex makes sense of random electrical activity from brain stem |
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Hypnosis |
Trance-like state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others |
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Effects of hypnosis |
Enhanced memory for long-forgotten events; greater suggestibility; hallucinations; amnesia and post-hypnotic suggestions |
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Neodissociation theory |
Splitting of consciousness into two parts; "hidden observer" that is more aware |
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Sociocognitive theory |
Normal social forces operate and the actor "becomes" the part (ex. method acting) |
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Thinking |
manipulation of mental representations of information |
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Schemas |
mental structures based on past experience; help us simplify, organize and remember complex information |
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Confirmation bias (belief perseverance) |
bias in attention, interpretation; we see what we want to see |
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Lord Ross and Lepper Study (1979) |
1. Both pro and con info. provided about capital punishment's deterrent effect 2. Biased assimilation - we accept the evidence we want to 3.Polarization effect - attitudes of both sides became more extreme |
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Availability |
how easily you recall examples may bias your estimations or decisions |
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Anchoring and adjustment |
the influence of an "anchor" on judgements; reliance on pre-existing judgements |
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Framing |
how we approach gains and losses (thinking about losing something, less risky) |
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Representativeness |
Ignoring base rate information and using a stereotype |
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Heuristics |
mental shortcuts that lead to quick and accurate decisions |
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Algorithms |
sure methods to reach solutions but take longer than heuristics |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
inconsistent thoughts lead to dissonance and pressure toward consistency |
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Properties of Language |
Communicative, Arbitrary, Structure, Multiplicity of Structure, Generative and Dynamic |
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Non-verbal communication |
we communicate on several "channels" simultaneously; facial expressions, gestures |
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Emblems |
gestures with specific meaning in a particular culture |
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Alfred Binet |
Worked with the idea of mental age vs chronological age |
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Measuring Intelligence |
Intelligence Quotient Test (IQ) |
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Key Ideas Of Intelligence Measurement |
Reliability, validity and Standardization |
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IQ equals... |
Mental age / Chronological age x 100 Average score is 100, standard deviation of 15 |
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Mental retardation |
Defined by a score below 70 |
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory |
- Academic/analytic -Creative (adapting & inventing) -Practical |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory |
-Linguistic, Logical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal |
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Individual differences |
Genetic and environmental components |
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Group differences |
Small and shrinking over time;"Steele's Stereotype Threat -> anxiety over conforming to a negative stereotype |
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Developments |
5 developmental stages across the life span |
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Sensorimotor Stage (Age 0-2) |
gradual appearance of symbolic thought; object permanence |
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Preoperational Stage (2-7) |
Can't yet perform mental operations |
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) |
can perform operations on concrete objects |
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Formal Operational Stage |
operating on abstract concepts, systematic thought |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development |
3 levels, 2 stages for each level |
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Preconventional |
Level 1; Obey rules of authorities to stage 1.) avoid punishment stage 2.) receive awards |
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Conventional |
Level 2; Internalize society's rules, meet expectations stage 3.) sociability stage 4.) Law and order, society |
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Post-conventional |
Level 3; Validating society's laws stage 5.) Social contract stage 6.) Personal universal principles, flexibility |
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Attachment Theory |
emotional bond to caregiver as an infant; three primary styles include secure, avoidant and anxious |
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Authoritative parents |
both disciplined and loving |
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Authoritarian parents |
dictatorial; not affectionate; punish severely |
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Permissive parents |
no real limits for kids; uninvolved in child's life |
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Uninvolved |
Detached from child |
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory |
Developed stages based on Freud's |
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Erik son's Stage 1 |
Trust vs Mistrust (year 1) |
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Erikson's Stage 2 |
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1.5 - 3) |
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Erik son's Stage 3 |
Initiative vs Guilt (3-6) |
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Erik son's Stage 4 |
Industry vs Inferiority (6-12) |
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Erik son's Stage 5 |
Identity vs Role Confusion (adolescence) |
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Erik son's Stage 6 |
Intimacy vs Isolation (early adulthood) |
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Erik son's Stage 7 |
Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adult) |
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Erik son's Stage 8 |
Integrity vs Despair (Old Age) |
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Ways of Measuring Personality |
Personality tests; Rorschachs, MMPI, and TAT |
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Freud's Psychodynamic Approach |
Unconscious motives, dealing with anxiety |
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Structure of Personality |
Id, Ego, and Superego |
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Id |
irrational component, impulsive, ruled by pleasure principle |
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Ego |
Rational component, ruled by reality principle |
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Superego |
moralistic component |
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Freud's 5 Stages of Personality |
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital |
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Humanistic approach |
Emphasis on how people are free, unique and how they strive for growth and improvement |
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Regression |
Retreating to more infantile stage |
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Reaction formation |
transforming a feeling into it's opposite |
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Projection |
attributing your own feelings to someone else |
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Displacement |
Directing expressing emotions toward the wrong people |
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Sublimation |
Redirecting sexual energy into creativity and aggression into physical accomplishments |
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Rationalization |
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
Being treated with acceptance no matter what your feelings and behavior are |
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Self-actualization |
Defined by Abraham Maslow to mean a person's full use and exploitation of talents, capacities and potential |
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Trait Approach |
Different assumptions lead to different assessments of personality |
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The Big Five |
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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Learning (Behaviorist) Approach |
No personality structure under strict behaviorism |
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Bandura's Social Learning Theory |
Reciprocal determinism - the environment determines behavior, but behavior also determines environment Self-efficacy - feelings of competence that guide our behavior and personality |
