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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you describe speech stimulus?
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In terms of short segments of sound (phenomes). In terms of the patterns of frequencies and intensities of the pressure changes in the air (acoustic signal).
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What is a phenome?
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A phenome is the shortest segment of speech that if changed would change the meaning of the word. (e.g bit vs pit)
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Do the number of phenomes vary across languages?
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Yes.
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What is the acoustic signal (acoustic stimulus)?
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The pressure changes caused by the movement of the vocal apparatus.
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How is the acoustic signal made?
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Pushing air up from the lungs past the vocal cords and into the vocal tract.
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What are the articulators?
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Things that change the shape of the vocal tract. (tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, soft palate)
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What are formants?
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The peaks of pressure that occur when changing the vocal tract.
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What is a speech spectrogram?
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It is an indicator of the pattern of frequencies and intensities over time that make up the acoustic signal. (Intensity is darkness)
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How are vowels created?
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They are created by changing the overall shape of the vocal tract.
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How are consonants produced?
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They are produced by a closing of the vocal tract.
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What are formant transitions?
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They are rapid shifts in frequency preceding or following formants. They are associated with with consonants.
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What is the segmentation problem?
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It is hard to understand speech perception because it is hard to perceptually segregate the continuous stream of speech into individual words.
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When is it obvious that the acoustic signal is continuous?
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When you are listening to someone speak a foreign language.
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What is coarticulation?
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It is the overlap between the articulation of neighboring phonemes.
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What is an invariant acoustic cue?
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It is a feature of the acoustic signal associated with a particular phoneme that remains constant even when phonemes appear in different contexts or are spoken by different speakers
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What is the short-term spectrum?
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A spectrum that displays the acoustic signal by creating a detailed picture of the frequencies that occur within a short segment of time.
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What is a running spectral display?
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A sequence of short-term spectra combined. Shows how the frequencies in auditory signals change over time.
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What is categorical perception?
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When a wide range of acoustic signals results in perception of a limited number of categorical sounds.
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What is VOT?
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Voice onset time. The delay between when a sound begins and when the vocal cords begin vibrating.
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How delayed must the VOT be for perception to be changed?
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VOTs of above 40ms hear a different sound. This is called phonetic boundary.
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What does it mean that our speech is multi-modal?
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It means that our speech can be influenced by information from a number of different senses.
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What is McGurk effect?
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When lip movement and the actual sound cause us to perceive a completely different sound.
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What is audiovisual speech perception?
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The McGurk effect is an example of this. It means that visuals have an influence on what we hear.
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What does being able to perceive degraded sentences illustrate?
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Top-down Processing.
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What is the phonemic restoration effect?
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Warren replaced the "s" of legislatures with a cough and listeners later did not notice and could not place the cough.
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What did Arthur Samuel prove?
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That speech involves top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
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What did George Miller and Steven Isard prove?
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That words are more intelligible when heard in the context of grammatical sentences?
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What is shadowing?
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A technique used by George Miller and Steven Isard. (Having participants repeat sentences that they heard through headphones)
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Does background noise inhibit speech perception?
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Yes
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What are indexical characteristics?
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Characteristics of a speaker's voice.
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What are aphasias?
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Language problems caused by damage to specific areas of the brain.
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What is Broca's aphasia?
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When someone has stilted speech.
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Where is Broca's area?
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In the frontal lobe.
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Where is Wernicke's area?
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In the temporal lobe.
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What is Wernicke's aphasia?
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When someone can speak fluently but their words dont make sense.
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What is word deafness?
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An extreme form of Wernicke's aphasia where the person can't recognize words. (Kolb & Whishaw)
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What is experience dependant plasticity?
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When the brain becomes tuned to respond best to sounds that infants hear and use. (Example of Asian children)
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What is the motor theory of speech perception?
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That there is a close link between how speech is perceived and how it is produced. When we hear a speech sound is activates the motor mechanisms for producing and perceiving it.
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Who invented the motor theory of speech perception?
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Alvin Liberman in 1967.
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Is the motor theory of speech perception controversial?
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Yes
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How did K.D. Watkins back up the motor theory of speech perception?
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By using TMS to activate the area of the motor cortex that controls facial movement and seeing a link to motor evoked response potential.
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Who was Geerat Vermeij?
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A man who had been blind since childhood yet went on to become a evolutionary biologist by using touch instead of sight.
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What are cutaneous sensations?
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Sensations based on the stimulation of receptors in the skin.
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What is the somatosensory system?
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The system that is responsible for the perception of cutaneous sensations, proprioception and kinesthesis.
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What is proprioception?
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The "body sense" in which input from the skin, muscles and tendons result in perception of the body.
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What is kinesthesis?
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The sense of our position and movement of the limbs.
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What does the skin do?
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It is the heaviest organ and it protects us.
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What are Merkel receptors?
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They are disk-shaped receptors located near the border between the epidermis and the dermis.
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What is the Meissner corpuscle?
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It is a stack of flattened cells located in the dermis just below the epidermis.
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What ist he Ruffini cylinder?
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It is a many-branched fibers inside a roughly cylindrical capsule.
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What is the Pacinian corpuscle?
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It is a layered capsule that surrounds a nerve fiber.
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Where can the pacinian corpuscle be found?
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Deep in the skin, In the intestines and the joints.
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What are slowly adapting fibers? (SA)
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Merkel (SA1) and Ruffini (SA2) receptors.
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What are rapidly adapting fibers? (RA)
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Fibers associated with Meissner (RA1) and the pacinian (RA2) corpuscle.
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What is detail resolution?
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Our ability to perceive details on a surface depends on the ability of our receptor to fire at details.
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What is a frequency response?
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Our ability to perceive slow movement and rapid vibrations depends on the range of vibration speed over which a fiber responds.
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How do nerves travel?
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In bundles.
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What are the two major pathways in the spinal cord?
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The medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway.
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What is the lemniscal pathway?
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The pathway that contains fibers that carry signals relating to proprioception and touch perception.
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What is the spinthalamic pathway?
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The pathway that contains fibers that carry signals relating to temperature and pain.
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Where do many nerve fibers end up synapsing?
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In the ventrolateral nucleus.
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Where do signals travel after the thalamus?
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The somatosensory receiving area (S1) in the parietal lobe and possibly to S2.
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How was the homuncles discovered?
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Through tests on epilepsy patients while they were awake.
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What is the homuncles?
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The body map in the somatosensory cortex. "little man" in latin.
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What is the negative possibility that can occur due due to neural plasticity?
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Musicians Cramp. Also called Focal Dystonia. This happens when musicians lose the ability to make skilled hand movements.
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What is tactile acuity?
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The ability to detect details on the skin.
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What are the two ways to measure tactile acuity?
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Two point threshold and Grating acuity.
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What is the two-point threshold?
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The point at which we perceive two points on our skin rather than one.
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What is grating acuity?
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The presenting of a grooved stimulus onto the skin and asking the person to indicate the orientation of that grating.
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What part of the body is most sensitive to details?
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The fingertips.
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Who tested the hand via grating acuity and found that the fingertips were the most sensitive part?
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James Craig and Keith Lyle
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What mechanoreceptor is primarily responsiblye for sensing vibrations?
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The Pacinian corpuscle
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What are temporal cues?
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Cues that are determined by the rate of vibrations that occur as we move our skin across a finely textured surface.
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What is the duplex theory of texture perception?
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Katz's proposal that there are two types of receptors involved in texture perception.
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What is passive touch?
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When our skin is stimulated. (Like receiving a backrub)
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What is active touch?
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When we use our touch to recognize an object.
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What is haptic perception?
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The exploration of 3d objects with our hands.
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What are the three systems that help us identify objects?
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Sensory system, Motor system and Cognitive system.
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How long does it take us to identify objects?
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1-2 seconds.
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What are the exploratory procedures? (EPs)
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Lateral Motion, Pressure, Enclosure and Contour Following.
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What is the multimodal nature of pain?
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Reference to both the sensory and emotion experience of pain.
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What is the sensory component of pain?
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The adjectives used to describe pain like throbbing, dull or hot.
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What is the affective/emotional component of pain?
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The relationship between our emotions and the feelings of pain. Would be discribed via words like torturing, annoying or frightful.
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What is nociceptive pain?
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Pain that is a warning of impending damage to the skin. Activated by nociceptors.
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What is Inflammatory pain?
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Pain that is caused by damage to tissues.
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What is neuropathic pain?
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Pain caused by lesions or other damage to the nervous system.
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What is the pain matrix?
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The brain regions that are involved in pain perception.
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What is a placebo?
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A pill that the subject believes is a painkiller but is not.
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How can pain be reduced?
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Shifting Attention, Expectation (Placebo) or Emotional Distraction
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Gate-Control Model of pain perception was introduce by who?
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Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall.
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What is the gate-control model of pain perception?
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Explains how pain is affected by central influence or by tactile stimulation.
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What is substantia geatinosa?
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Cells in the spinal cord that make up the gate-control system of pain perception.
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What are L-fibers?
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Large diameter fibers that carry infomration about nonpainful tactile stimulation.
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What is central control?
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The fibers which contain information that will lessen pain from the cortex.
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What are S=fibers?
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Small-diameter fibers that are associated with nociceptors. Fire when in pain.
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What is stimulation produced analgesia?
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Signals from the brain can reduce perception of pain.
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What are opioids?
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Chemicals that reduce pain and induce feelings of euphoria.
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What is naloxone?
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Binds to opiod receptors. Brings people who have overdosed from heroin out of coma.
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What are endorphins?
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Pain reducing transmitters.
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What part of the brain increased activation when people felt excluded?
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The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). (Same area associated with physical pain)
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What is neurogenesis?
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The constant renewal of the olfacotry and taste receptors. 1-2 weeks for taste receptors and 5-7 weeks for olfactory.
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What does it mean to be macrosmatic?
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It means an animal has a keen sense of semll that is important to their survival.
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What does it mean to be microsmatic?
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It means an animal that has a less keen sense of smell that it does not rely on to survive. (Humans)
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What is menstrual synchrony?
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When women who work or live together have their menstrual periods at the same time.
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What are pheremones?
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Chemical signals released by an individual that affect the physiology and behavior of other individuals.
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What is anosmia?
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The loss of the ability to smell due to an infection.
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What is the detection threshold?
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The lowest concentration of odors that can be perceived.
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What is the forced-choice method?
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When you present two odors and have the participant choose the stronger smell.
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What is the difference threshold?
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The smallest difference in concentration of two odors that can be detected.
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What is an olfactometer?
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A device used to present smells with much more precision than cotton balls.
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What is the recognition threshold?
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The threshold at which you can recognize a smell. (3 times higher than the threshold concentration)
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What is Henning's odor prism?
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A prism with six corners: putrid, fragrant, ethereal, resinous, spicy, burned.
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What is the olfactory mucosa?
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The dime-sized region located high in the nasal cavity that contains the receptors for olfaction.
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What are the olfactory sensory neurons?
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The neurons that are located in the mucosa.
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What are the olfactory receptors?
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The receptor of the olfactory sensory neurons that jut out into the air stream.
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What do the glomeruli do?
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They collect and combine electical signals in the olfactory bulb.
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Where does the olfactory bulb relay signals to?
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The primary olfactory cortex (piriform cortex) a small area under the temporal lobe and the secondary olfactory cortex (orbitofrontal cortex) in the frontal lobe.
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What is the amygdala?
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The structure deep in the cortex involved in emotional responding.
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What is calcium imaging?
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Measuring the increase in calcium (which corelates to receptor responses) by measuring the decrease in fluorescence.
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What is a recognition profile?
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The pattern of activation in the different receptors for a certain scent.
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What is the combinatorial code for odor?
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The theory that different odorants are coded by different combinations of olfactory receptors.
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What is optical imaging?
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It is used to measure the activity of large areas of a structure by measuring how much red light is reflected from the structure.`
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What is the 2-deoxyglucose technique?
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It is when you inject 2DG into an animal and expose it to different chemicals.
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What is genetic tracing?
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When you create cloned mice with a specific receptor and then apply a tracer molecule to stain the specific receptor.
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What are the five basic taste sensations?
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Salty, Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Umami.
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What are the structures on the surface of the tongue?
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Papillae.
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What are filiform papillae?
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They are shaped like cons and cover the entire surface of the tongue.
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What are the fungiform papillae?
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Mushroom shaped. Found at the tip and sides of the tongue.
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What are the foliate papillae?
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They fold along the back of the tongue on the sides.
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What do all of the papillae have besides the filiform?
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Taste Buds.
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How many taste cells does each taste bud contain?
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50-100.
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Where does transduction occur in taste?
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At the tips of the taste cells (receptor sites)
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What is the nucleus of the solitary tract?
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Where the fibers from the tongue, mouth and throat make connections in the brain stem.
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When signals leave the nucleus of the solitary tract where do they travel?
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Two areas of the frontal lobe. The insula and the frontal operculum cortex. (partially hidden behind the temporal lobe)
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What are across fiber patterns?
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It is another word for distributed coding.
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How are taste receptors similar to the olfactory and visual receptors?
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They have to cross their receptors seven times.
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What does amiloride do?
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It blocks the flow of sodium into taste receptors.
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What is flavor?
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The overall impression that we experience from the combination of nasal and oral stimulation.
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What is the retronasal route?
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It is the route from the mouth to the nasal cavaties via the nasal pharynx.
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Where does taste relay to in the brain?
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The orbital frontal cortex (OFC).
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Who are tasters?
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People that can taste PTC.
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Who are nontasters?
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People that cannot taste PTC.
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What is videomicroscopy?
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A method used to count the taste receptors on someones tongue.
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Who are supertasters?
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People who are especially sensitive to PROP.
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What nerve do the taste cells on the front and sides of the tongue transmit to?
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The Chorda Tympani Nerve.
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What nerve do the taste cells on the back of the tongue transmit to?
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The Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
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What nerve do the taste cells on the throat and mouth trasmit to?
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The Vagus Nerve.
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Which nerve do the taste cells on the soft palette transmit to?
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The Superficial Petronasal Nerve.
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