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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Brightness?
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The perceived intensity of light energy.
Must be from a light emitting source |
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What is Lightness?
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The perceived reflectance of a surface.
Must be from a surface that don't emit light. |
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What is Lateral Inhibition?
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If you shine light on a near-by area it will inhibit the other photoreceptors close by.
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What are Mach Bands?
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Explained by lateral inhibition.
LOOK UP PICTURE |
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What is the Hermann Grid?
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More inhibition on a spot making it look darker.
LOOK UP PICTURE |
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What is simultaneous contast?
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LOOK UP PICTURE
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What are neural circuits?
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Convergent circuit with excitatory and inhibitiory connections
WHITE'S ILLUSION |
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What is Brightness?
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The perceived intensity of light energy.
Must be from a light emitting source |
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What is White's Illusion?
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Perceptual organization proceeds lightness contrast.
We organize the visual scene to perceive which objects go together. |
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What is Lightness?
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The perceived reflectance of a surface.
Must be from a surface that don't emit light. |
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What is Belongingness
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An areas appearance is affected by where we perceive it belongs.
Problably organized through cortex, not in the retina Exact physiological mechanism is not known |
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What is Lateral Inhibition?
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If you shine light on a near-by area it will inhibit the other photoreceptors close by.
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What is Albedo?
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Percentage of light that is reflected by a surface, a constant percent of the light energy hitting the surface.
The proportion stays the same, regardless of overall light energy. |
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What are Mach Bands?
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Explained by lateral inhibition.
LOOK UP PICTURE |
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What is the Hermann Grid?
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More inhibition on a spot making it look darker.
LOOK UP PICTURE |
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What is simultaneous contast?
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LOOK UP PICTURE
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What are neural circuits?
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Convergent circuit with excitatory and inhibitiory connections
WHITE'S ILLUSION |
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What is White's Illusion?
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Perceptual organization proceeds lightness contrast.
We organize the visual scene to perceive which objects go together. |
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What is Belongingness
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An areas appearance is affected by where we perceive it belongs.
Problably organized through cortex, not in the retina Exact physiological mechanism is not known |
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What is Albedo?
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Percentage of light that is reflected by a surface, a constant percent of the light energy hitting the surface.
The proportion stays the same, regardless of overall light energy. |
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What is lightness constancy?
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The perceived lightness stays the same even when the illumination changes.
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What is the ratio principle?
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Determines an objects lightness based on the comparison of the object to other objects in the scene
Relative intensity does matter There is sometimes an "anchor" |
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Light energy and lightness perception is dependent on:
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1. Albedo
2. Lightness constancy 3. Ratio principle 4. An Anchor |
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What is "light from above"?
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The perception of where the light source is coming from drives lightness differences.
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What is acuity?
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Ability to see fine details
Snellen eye chart |
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What is the US definition of legal blindness?
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20/200 with correction.
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What is Emmetropia?
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Correct focusing
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what is Hyperopia?
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Far sightedness.
Can't see close objects well. Use convex lenses to correct. |
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What is myopia?
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Near sightedness.
Can't see distant things. Use concave lenses to correct. |
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What are three factors that affect acuity?
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1. Genes
2. Age 3. Experience |
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What is presbyopia?
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"Old eye"
Difficulty in accomodation. Therefore we can't see near objects. The "near point" gets further away |
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What is convergence?
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Each eye moves towards the nose.
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What is divergence?
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Each eye moves away from the nose.
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What are vergence movements?
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Angle between lines of sight changes.
Convergence vs. Divergence |
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What are version movements?
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Normal eyes movements.
Eyes move in the same direction, angle between lines of sight remains constant. "Smooth pursuit movements when you track a visual object" |
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What is attention?
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Focusing or concentration of mental activity
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What is selevtive attention?
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Forcusing on specific objects or filtering.
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How is selective attention acheived?
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1. Through use of eye movements.
2. Saccades 3. Fixation |
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What are saccades?
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Small, rapid eye movements.
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What is fixation?
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Pauses in eye movements.
Usually fixation occurs on faces. |
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What is inattentional blindness?
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A stimulus that is not attended to is not perceived.
Even when looking directly at it. Gorilla movie |
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What is change blindness?
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Difficulty in detecting changes in scenes
Simon's and Levins door study (1997) |
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What is structuralism?
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Perception involves adding up small elementary units called sensations.
Whole = sum of parts This could not explain many perceptual illusions |
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What is Gestalt Psychology?
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The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
perception is not just built up from sensation. Influence also by higher level cognition-- "Top-Down processing" |
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What are the 5 major laws of grouping?
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1. Simularity
2. Proximity 3. Good Continuation 4. Closure 5. Common fate |
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Explain Similarity
(laws of grouping) |
similar things appear to be grouped together
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Explain Proximity
(laws of grouping) |
Things that are near each other are grouped together
over rides similarity |
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Explain Good Continuation
(laws of grouping) |
Elements in a straight line or a smooth curve are seen as one unit
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Explain Closure
(laws of grouping) |
When a figure has a gap, we perceive it as a close, complete figure
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Explain commonfate
(laws of grouping) |
When elements move in the same direction we see them as a unit.
Traffic Synchrony |
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Explain Synchrony
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Things that ovvur at the same time are perceived to belong together
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Explain common region
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Grouped together items that appear in the same region.
Overrides proximity and similarity. |
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What is connectedness?
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Organized as a single unit when connected.
Trumps proximity and similarity. |
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Explain figure vs. ground effect
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Figure: distinct shape and clearly defined edges.
Ground: left over, forming the background. This is determined by the perceiver and can be ambiguous. |
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What are Illusory Contours?
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we perceive edges for figures
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What are ambiguous figures?
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Context: what you see is influenced by our perceptual set. Context is in the mindof the perceiver.
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Explain Orientation
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We are good at perceiving objects from a variety of orientations.
But, orientation can change our perception And, we are less likely to detect disparities in unusual orientations. |
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What is viewpoint invariance?
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the ability to recognize an object regardless of the viewpoint
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Explain the Face Inversion Effect
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Faces are processed in a holistic fashion even more so than other stimuli. Therefore it is harder for us to recognize faces in other orientations.
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What is a cue?
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a factor that helps us to make a decision.
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What are monocular cues?
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Cues that come from one eyes.
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What are pictorial cues?
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Depth information from 2:d images, such as puctures.
Cues involving motion |
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What is occlusion?
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One object partially covers another
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What is atmospheric perspective?
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Particles in the air make distant objects fuzzy with a blue tint.
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What is Relative Height?
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Things higher in pictures look futher away.
EXCEPT above the horizon |
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What are shadoew?
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"light from above"
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What is linear perspective?
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Perspective convergence.
Parallel lines come together at a distance |
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What is texture gradient?
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Equally spaced elements are more closely packed as distance gets greater
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What is relative size
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If equal in real size, the futher one takes up less visual field.
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What is familiar size?
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Distance based on our knowledge of object size
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What is size constancy?
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Perception of an objects size remains relatively constant.
Even if the size of the reina changes |
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What is the size-distance scaling equatioN?
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Changes in distance and retinal size balance each other.
S = K (R X D) Where S = perceived size, K = constant, R = retinal size, D- distance. |
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Explain the Muller-Lyer illusion.
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Misapplied size-constance scaling.
Observers unconsciuolsy perceive the fins as belonging to the otherside and inside corners. |
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Explain the Ames Room
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The room is constructed so that:
shape looks like a normal room and actual shape has left corner twice as far away as right corner. |
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What is the moon illusion?
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Apparent distance theory
Horizon moon is surrounded by depth cues. Elevated moon has fewer cues |
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What is optic flow?
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As an object gets closer:
The size on the retina increases and contours move toward outside of the retina. |
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What is the Motion Parallex?
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Closer objects go past quickly while distant objects appear to move more slowly. This is based on images moving on the retina.
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What is the Kinetic Depth Theory?
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Moving objects give us information about depth. When stationary, objects look flat and they look 3-D when moving
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Define Binocular disparity.
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Differences in images between two eyes, your eyes see slightly different things
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What is the Horopter?
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an imaginary circle that passes through our point of fixation. Objects that circle don't have disparity.
Objects on or near horopter are in Panum's Fushion Area and are fused into a single image. Objects off the horopter fall on the "non-corresponding points" and these points made disparate images. |
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Explain disparity in terms of the horopter.
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More disparity= further from horopter.
Objects located infront of the horopter have crossed disparity. Objects located beyond the horopter have uncrossed disparity. |
