Sensation And Perception

Front 1

Bekesy

Back 1

Empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory

Front 2

Berkeley

Back 2

Developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth

Front 3

Broadbent

Back 3

Proposed filter theory of attention

Front 4

Fechner

Back 4

Developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

Front 5

Gibson and Walk

Back 5

Developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception

Front 6

Gibson

Back 6

Studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth

Front 7

Helmholtz

Back 7

Developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

Front 8

Hering

Back 8

Developed opponent process theory of color vision

Front 9

Hubel and Wiesel

Back 9

Studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

Front 10

Kohler

Back 10

Developed theory of isomorphism

Front 11

Melzack and Wall

Back 11

Proposed gate theory of pain

Front 12

Stevens

Back 12

Developed Stevens' power law as an alternative to Fechner's law

Front 13

Swets

Back 13

Refined ROC curves in signal detection theory

Front 14

Wever and Bray

Back 14

Proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

Front 15

Yerkes and Dodson

Back 15

Developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

Front 16

Brain structures involved in vision:

Back 16

Lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus; superior colliculus; and occipital lobe

Front 17

Brain structures involved in audition:

Back 17

Inferior colliculus; medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus; temporal lobe

Front 18

Brain structure involved in touch:

Back 18

Somatosensory cortex

Front 19

Two-Point Threshold

Back 19

The minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

Front 20

Physiological Zero

Back 20

A neutral temperature perceived to be neither hot nor cold

Front 21

Gate Theory of Pain

Back 21

The theory that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off

Front 22

Objective Dimensions of Sound

Back 22

Frequency: The number of cycles per second; measured in Hertzes

Intensity: The amplitude of the sound wave; measured in decibels

Front 23

Subjective Dimensions of Sound

Back 23

Pitch: The subjective experience of the frequency of sound

Loudness: The subjective experience of the intensity of sound

Timbre: Refers to the quality of sound

Front 24

Preferential Looking

Back 24

Two different stimuli are presented side by side; if infant looks longer at one of them, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference between the stimuli

Front 25

Habituation

Back 25

A stimulus is presented to infant, infant eventually stops attending to it; a different stimulus is presented, if the infant attends to it, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference between the old and new stimuli

Front 26

Visual Cliff

Back 26

An apparatus designed by Gibson and Walk to assess infant depth perception

Front 27

Animal Experiments

Back 27

Sometimes used to assess contributions of nature and nurture to the development of vision

Front 28

Four Visual Constancies

Back 28

Size, shape, lightness, and color

Front 29

Apparent Motion (Phi)

Back 29

When two or more stationary lights flicker in succession, they tend to be perceived as a single moving light

Front 30

Induced Motion

Back 30

A stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves

Front 31

Autokinetic Effect

Back 31

A stationary point of light when viewed in an otherwise totally dark room appears to move; probably caused by involuntary eye movements

Front 32

Motion Aftereffect

Back 32

If a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops

Front 33

Bottom-Up Processing (Data-Driven Processing)

Back 33

Responds directly to components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules and then sums up components to arrive at the whole pattern

Front 34

Top-Down Processing (Conceptually Driven Processing)

Back 34

Guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize whole objects and then the components

Front 35

Proximity

Back 35

(Gestalt) Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

Front 36

Similarity

Back 36

(Gestalt) Elements that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together

Front 37

Good Continuation

Back 37

(Gestalt) Elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

Front 38

Closure

Back 38

(Gestalt) The tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete

Front 39

Pragnanz

Back 39

Perceptual organization will always be as "good" (regular, simple, symmetrical, etc.) as possible

Front 40

Cues for depth perception:

Back 40

Interposition/Overlap (monocular)

Relative Size (monocular)

Linear Perspective (monocular)

Texture Gradients (monocular)

Motion Parallax (monocular)

Binocular Disparity/Stereopsis (binocular)

Front 41

Young Helmholtz Theory of Color Vision

Back 41

Trichromatic

Three types of color receptors: red, blue, and green

Front 42

Hering Theory of Color Vision

Back 42

Opponent Process

Three opposing pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

Front 43

Illumination

Back 43

An objective measurement of the amount of light falling on a surface

Front 44

Brightness

Back 44

The subjective impression of the intensity of a stimulus

Front 45

Dark Adaptation

Back 45

Caused by the regeneration of rhodopsin, the photopigment in the rods

Front 46

Lateral Inhibition

Back 46

Adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas

Front 47

Absolute Threshold

Back 47

The amount of stimulus energy needed for a person to say that she perceives it

Front 48

Difference Threshold

Back 48

The amount of stimulus energy that needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that she notices a difference

Front 49

JND

Back 49

"Just Noticeable Difference"

One JND needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that she notices the difference

Front 50

Weber's Law

Back 50

What's important in producing a JND is not the absolute difference between the two stimuli, but the ratio of them