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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sensation? |
A stimulus - Detection process. Organs translate stimuli into nerve impulses. |
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What is Perception? |
Organizing and giving meaning to input.
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What are the three processes of sensation? |
Reception - The stimulation of sensory receptors. Transduction - Transforming the stimulation into nerve impulses Transmission - Delivering this neural information to the brain to be processed. |
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What is psychophysics? |
studies the relations between physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities |
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what are the two kinds of sensitivity in psychophysics? |
Absolute Threshold: The absolute limits of sensitivity. Detects the lowest amount of sensitivity 50% of the time Difference Threshold: What is the difference between stimuli. Smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time. |
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What is Weber's law? |
Just noticeable difference (JND) in difference threshold is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison can be made. |
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What is sensory adaptation? |
Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. This occurs in all sensory modules. |
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What is Bottom - Up processing? |
Taking sensory information and then assembling it and integrating it |
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what is Top - Down processing? |
Using, models, ideas and expectation to interpret sensory information |
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What is perpetual set? |
When we see something that we expect to see. |
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What is the pattern in which light comes through the eye? |
Light from an object travels through the cornea and the pupil, and then gets inverted by the lens. The light then lands on the retina, where the stimulus of light is translated into a neural signal. |
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What is the first layer of The Retina? |
The Photoreceptors: Rods- function best in low illumination. Found mostly in the periphery of retina, and none in the fovea. Cones - For colour and detail. Function best in high illumination. Concentrated in the fovea. |
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What is transduction? |
Photoreceptors contain photopigment that splits into component molecules when stimulated by light. The splitting of photoreceptors causes a series of chemical reactions that stimulate the photoreceptors, causing to generate and send a neural message. |
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What is the second layer of the retina? |
The Bipolar cells: Rods and cones have synaptic connections with bipolar cells. Cones have one to one connections.
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What is the third layer of the retina? |
The Ganglion cells: Bipolar cell synapses with Ganglion cell. Axons of Ganglion cell form optic nerves. |
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What is the Optic Disk? |
An area of the retina that contains no rods or cones, because this is the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye. |
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What is the Trichromatic colour theory developed by Young - Hemholtz |
The idea that there are three different colour receptors in the retina, and the individual cones are most sensitive to blue, green, or red wavelengths. Visual system combines all three of these to allow us to perceive all of the colours
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What are some of the problems with the trichromatic colour theory? |
Can not explain why some individuals are red or green colour blind. Also can not explain after images. |
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What is the opponent - process theory? |
There are three cone types, and each one responds to two different wave lengths. Explains why we have afterimages after staring at a certain colour for too long. |
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What is Dual - Process theory? |
Explains trichromatic and opponent - process theories. There are three types of cones, and each one maximally sensitive to blue, green , or red wavelengths of light. |
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How is the stimulus of light turned into the mental act of seeing? |
Light waves -> transduction -> neural signals ->features -> objects -> Parallel processing |
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What is parallel processing? |
Different areas of the brain process different aspects of a stimulus: colour, motion, form, depth. |
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What is the Gestalt principle of perceptual organization? |
Gestalt = pattern, shape and form. The wholes that we perceive are greater than the sum of our parts. |
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What are some of the Gestalt principles? |
Similarity = Similar items belong together Proximity = Elements that are close together belong together Closure = Close open edges; perceive boundaries Continuity = elements linked to form a continuous line. |
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What are perpetual constancies? |
The ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, distances and angles. This is a top - down process. |
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What is colour constancy? |
we see a consistent colour in changing illumination conditions. |
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What is Brightness constancy |
We see the same level of brightness even in different lighting conditions. |
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What is shape constancy? |
We see a constant shape in an object despite receiving different sensory images in the shape. |
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What is size constancy |
We see objects as having a constant size , despite the changes to the sensory input with variations in distance |
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What are the two different sound wave stimuluses? |
Frequency: Determines pitch (High frequency is high pitch) Amplitude: Determines intensity (High amplitude is loud) |
