Sensation And Perception 2

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retinal ganglion cells detect...

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dots in center

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simple cells detect...

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lines at certain orientation

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middle vision

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combines features into objects

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high level vision

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enables us to recognize familiar objects, novel views of familiar objects and novel instances of familiar object categories

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illusory contours

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edges perceived despite lack of physical evidence for them

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structuralists

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perceptions are the sum of atoms of senstation, perception is built up of the local sensations

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wundt and titchener

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structuralists

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gestalt school

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the perceptual whole is more than the su of its sensory parts

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gestalt grouping rules

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description of a set of organizing principles that guide the visual system in its interpretation of the raw retinal image

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wetheimer, kohler, kaffka

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getalt school

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good continuation

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the tendency of lines of similar orientation to be seen as part of the same contour

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perceptual committees

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different aspects of the visual system, uses rules, principles and guesses to interpret a stimulus

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occlusion

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visual system assumes illusory contours are caused by another contour occluding (blocking) it

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texture segmentation

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portion of image with coarser texture (similarity in size, color, orientation, form) is separate from the rest of the image

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similarity

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image chunks that are similar to each other are more liekly to be grouped

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proximity

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items near each other are more likely to be grouped than items more widely separated

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parallelism

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parallel contours are seen as a group

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symmetry

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symmetrical contours are seen as a group

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common region

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Palmer, if two features appear to be part of the same larger region, they will be grouped together

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connectedness

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if two items are connected they will be grouped

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Oliver selfridge

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pandemonium model

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pandemonium model

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feature demons (shapes) tell cognitive demons (letters) tell decision demon

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ambiguous figure

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generates two or more plausible interpretations

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accidental viewpoint

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view is only recognizable from one, precise viewpoint

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surroundedness

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if one region is entirely surrounded by another, surrounded region is figure

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size

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smaller region is figure

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symetry

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symmetrical region is more likely figure

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parallelism

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parallel contours are more likely to be seen as figure

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extremal edges

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is A in front of B? overwhelms size and surroundedness

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relative motions

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surface details move relative to an edge

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kellman and shipley

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edges can relate across gaps

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relatability

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more likely to relate edges across gap with simple curves/lines

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heuristic

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mental shortcut of relatability across gaps

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global superiority effect

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large scale image is determined before local details

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naive template theory

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recognize objects by matching pixel to pixel - requires too many templates

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structural description

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specification of an object in terms of part and relationships between the parts

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marr and nishihara

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generalized cylinder parts

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biedermann

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geons - specified collections of non accidental features, recognition by components model

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view point-invariant

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equally recognizable from many different vantage points

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entry-level category

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first word that comes to mind when seeing an object

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prosopagnosia

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con no longer identify faces

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double dissociation

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one sense can be damaged without affecting the other (e.g. sight and hearing)

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striate cortex

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respond to edges or lines at specific orientation, motion, size, etc.

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extrastriate cortex

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middle vision tasks, two paths, up into parietal lobe (locomotion/where), down into temporal lobe (object recognition/what)

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agnosia

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can't recognize objects

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lesioned

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destroying temporal lobe

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inferotemporal cortex

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covers large parts of the visual field, lower part of the temporal lobe, important in object recognition

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grandmother cell

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any cell that seems to be selectively responsive to one specific object

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feed-forward process

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rough object recognition on the basis of the first wave of activity as it moves from retina to striate to extrastriate

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problem of invariance

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an infitnite set of different wavelength-intensity combonations that can elicit the exact ame response so the output of a single photoreceptor cannot alone tella anything about stimulus wavelength

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scotopic

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rods, low light, no color, all the same sensitivity to wavelengths

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photopic

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cones, daylight, come in 3 varieties each with different photopigment for different wavelengths

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s- cones

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short waves, peak at 440nm

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m cones

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middle wavelengths, peak at 535 nm

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l cones

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long wave, peak at 565

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trichromacy

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color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationship among three numbers (colors)

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metamers

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mixtures of different wavelengths that look identical

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additive color mixture

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taking one or a set of wavelengths and adding it to another

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subtractive color mixture

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almost all wavelengths are absorbed by one pigment or the other

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colorspace

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range of experience of a color (hue, saturation, brightness)

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hue

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chromatic aspect of light, color

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saturation

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amount of hue present

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brightness

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physical intensity of light

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nonspectral hues

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colors that can only result from light mixtures

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color opponent cell

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excited by l-cone onset in center, inhibited by m-cone onset in surround (L-M)

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unique hues

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hues that can be described with only one color term

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achromatopsia

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loss of color vision after brain damage

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deuteranope

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no m-cones, red/green color blind

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protanope

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no l-cones, red/green color blind

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tritanope

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no s-cones, blue/yellow color blind

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color anomalous

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have 3 cone photopigments but 2 are so similar that they experience as if they are color blind

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cone monochromat

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one type of cone only, see gray

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rod monochromat

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no cones, only rods, poor acuity, no color, inability to see in daylight

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anomia

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inability to name colors

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cultural relativism

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each group creates its own linguistic map of color space

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related colors

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colors that can only be seen in context of another (brown)

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spectral reflectance function

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percentage of each wavelength that is reflected from the surface

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spectral power distribution

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relative amount of light at different visible wavelengths, physical energy in a light as a function of wavelength

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color constancy

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tendency for the colors of objects to appear relatively unchanged in spite of substantial changes in the illuminant

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reflectances

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percentage of light hitting a surface that is reflected and not absorbed

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binocular summation

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the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

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binocular disparity

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differences between two retinal images of same world

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stereopsis

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ability to use binocular disparity as a cue for depth

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projective geometry

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geometry that describes transformation that occur when the 3d world is projected onto a 2d surface

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relative size

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comparison of size between items without knowing eithers' absolute size, smaller = farther away

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texture gradient

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larger objects in one area, smaller in another

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relative height

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objects at different distances on the ground plane will form images at different heights on the retinal image

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relative metrical depth cue

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no exact distance known but relative magnitude

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absolute metrical depth cue

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calculatable distance

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linear perspective

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parallel lines in 3d appear to converge in 2d

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haze/aerial perspective

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implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere so more distance objects are light and fainter

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pictoral

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distance/depth cues used by an artist

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anamorphosis

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distorted image only visible from a specific angle (art)

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motion parallax

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moving objects that are closer to you shift position faster than farther objects

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accomodation

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lens gets fatter as we direct our gaze to nearer objects

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corresponding retina points

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monocular retinal images of a single object are positioned on retinas at exact same distance from fovea

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vieth-muller circle

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circle of zero binocular disparity, objects fall on geometrically corresponding points on the two retinas

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horopter

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vieth-muller circle

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diplopia

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double vision

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panum's fusional area

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region of space in front of and behind the horopter where binocular single vision is possible

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crossed disparity

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in front of the horopter, object to right in left and and left in right eye

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uncrossed disparity

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behind the horopter, left in the left eye, right in the right eye

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stereoscope

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presents one image to one eye and another to the other, seems 3d

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free fusion

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converging or diverging the eyes to view stereogram

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stereoblindness

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lack stereoscopic depth perception

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cyclopean

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stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone

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correspondence problem

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figuring out which bit in the left eye should be mathed with which bit in the right eye

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uniqueness constraint

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a feature in the world is represented exactly once in each retinal image

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continuity constraint

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except at the edges of objects, neighboring points in the world lie at a similar distance from the viewer

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absolute disparity

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difference in the actual retinal coordinates in the left and right eyes of the image of one feature in a visual scene (difference in visual direction from the two eye's views)

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relative disparity

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difference in absolute disparities of two elements in visual scene

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bayesian approach

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prior knowledge can influence estimates of the probability of a current event

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binocular rivalry

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competition between two eyes for control of the visual system

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stereoacuity

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measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sense of depth

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dichoptically

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two stimuli are presented, one in each eye

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esotropia

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one eye too far toward nose

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exotropia

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one eye too far to the side