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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Distal Stimulus
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event/item in environment that is sensed. Emitted or reflected from an object in the real world. attended and unattended
(EX: candle flame, sound: wavelength, amplitude, magnitude) 3D |
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Proximal Stimulus
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Representation on organ. Energy reaching and affecting the receptor cells of a sensory organ
(EX: sound - decibel, light rays, fluid movement over the cochlea's hair cells) 2D |
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How do we qualify and quantify distal and proximal stimuli?
How are each processed? What is the boundary of energy? |
How humans are engineered to pick up certain types of energy.
Floater in eye, change in retina |
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The Perceptual Process:
Stimulus |
1) environmental stimulus (distal)
2) attended stimulus (distal) 3) stimulus on receptors/neurons that receive stimulus (proximal) |
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The Perceptual Process:
Electricity |
4) Transduction (conversion, electricity created)
ex: light-->electricity, standardized currency 5) Transmission - to body, one neuron activates another 6) Processing: interactions b/n neurons, reaction, reflex leads to metabolic change, impact on body, reorganization of info, heuristics, separating dimensions, dynamic (physical, anatomical, cognitive) |
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The Perceptual Process:
Experience and Action |
7) Perception: interpretation of stimulus, conscious experience (I perceive something on tree)
8) Recognition: the placing of an object in a semantic category (I realize its a moth) 9) Action: initiation of motor activity in response to recognition, voluntary or involuntary action (I walk toward the moth) |
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How many senses are there?
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8
touch, smell, taste, sight, hear, balance, kinesthetic sense, pheromones |
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Big idea in S&P
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what you see is not what you get
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Perception,
Sensation |
P: unit of info that is interpreted
S: physiological impact of thing perceived |
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Bottom-up processing
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-construct perception for incoming data
-data-based processing -can be missing data/error |
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Top-down processing
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-perception exists and incoming data fills in details
-knowledge-based processing -can be errors |
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Perceptional Processing can be observed at these 3 stages
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1) Psychophysical approach
2) Physiological approach 1 3) Physiological approach 2 |
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Psychophysical approach
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observes the stimulus-perception relationship
-studied by having a subject judge & report difference b/n 2 stimuli |
STIMULI--> EXPERIENCE AND ACTION (perception)
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Physiological approach 1
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observes the stimulus-physiology relationship
-studied by measuring a cat's cortical response to a light |
STIMULI--> PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
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Physiological approach 2
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observes the physiology-perception relationship
-studied by measuring brain activity while a subject reports what s/he is seeing |
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES--> EXPERIENCE AND ACTION
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Psychophysics
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branch of science which measures relationship b/n a stimulus and psychological impact
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Weber, Fechner
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Basic assumption of psychophysics
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the human observer can report experienced sensation unbiasedly
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Measurement of sensitivity
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Sensitivity = ability to sense low levels of stimulus = inverse of threshold.
The more sensitive you are, the higher your sensitivity, the lower your threshold |
S=1/T
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5 Psychophysical Methods of Measurement
Qualitative Methods |
1) describing: indicates the characteristics of a stimulus
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2) recognizing: categorizing by identifying it and placing in group
(used to test patients with brain damage) |
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5 Psychophysical Methods of Measurement: Quantitative
-Thresholds |
3) detecting thresholds:
-def: boundary b/n sensing and not sensing, limit of sensitivity -2 kinds a) absolute: minimal amount of stimulation necessary to produce response 50% of time (JND) b) difference: minimal amount of stimulation necessary to distinguish one stimulus from another |
3 ways to measure
a) method of limits b) method of adjustment c) method of constant stimuli |
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3 ways to measure thresholds
3) Metod of Constant Stimuli: stimuli of different intensities are presented in random order, detection in 50% of trials is threshold -JND: change in I / I = K -(110-100)/100 = .1 -(220-200)/200 = .1 -0.1 = Weber fraction |
1) Method of limits: approach threshold gradually, variation by experimenter (ex: take average of cross overs)
-errors: anticipation, habituation, fatigue |
2) Method of adjustment: subjective point of reference, variation by subject
-errors: subject has to do 2 things at once, less accurate |
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5 Psychophysical Methods of Measurement
-Perceiving magnitude |
asdf
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5 Psychophysical Methods of Measurement
-Searching |
asdf
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