Sensation And Perception

Front 1

Perception:

Back 1

it is the process by which the brain constructs an internal representation of the world= our reality: Was the first question of the philosophers;We cannot directly experience the outside world. We are experiencing internal construction; the internal representation gets distorted with high fever, sensory deprivation, drugs, schizophrenia;(hallucinations)
It is continuously on-going process; it continually changing

Front 2

The internal representation comes from:

Back 2

1. Sensory information
2. Memory(past experience)
3. Beliefs (internal representation)
4. Expectations
*different among all people

Front 3

The Five Senses:

Back 3

1. Sight (vission)
2. Hearing (auditory)
3. Taste
4. Smell
5. Skin senses=touch, cold, warmth, pain

Front 4

receptors are...

Back 4

specialized nerve cell that converts physical stimulation into electrical information transmittal to the brain;

Front 5

stimulated in two ways

Back 5

1. Chemically: taste, smell, skin senses
2. Mechanically: Vision, auditory, skin senses

Front 6

Visual Processing

Back 6

Light energy is transformed into neural activity in the brain
Light=quanta=photons=packets of energy
Our range of vision is very small:

Front 7

Characteristics of light

Back 7

1. Intensity
2. Wavelength

Front 8

Quanta (light) are

Back 8

Absorbed or Reflected

Front 9

Only light that enters the eye ....

Back 9

can be converted; it is the human sense most used

Front 10

The Eye:

Back 10

An image forms on the retina at the rear of the eye; In the retina, quanta in converted into neural activity

Front 11

Retina consists of

Back 11

1. Rods
2. Cones

Front 12

Rods

Back 12

1 type—more sensitive; for night vision; see only gray, black or white (120 million rods)

Front 13

Cones

Back 13

3 types—for day vision; for color and fine detail (8 million)

Front 14

Cornea

Back 14

curved, white surface

Front 15

Iris

Back 15

colored part, behind the cornea

Front 16

Pupil

Back 16

size of the opening; controls the amount of light entering; large in the dark, small in the light

Front 17

Lens

Back 17

- behind the iris; focus light on the retina; cannot see it without a special instrument. It changes in shape (when older can cause you to see peripheral only)

Front 18

Size of an Image-depends on

Back 18

on the retina
1. Size of the object
2. Distance from the eye

Front 19

Optic Charisma

Back 19

blind spot; crossover area to the other side of the brain

Front 20

Visual Noise

Back 20

nerve impulses even in the absence of light/ this is under your threshold

Front 21

Retinal Disparity-

Back 21

=receive two different images because our eyes are in different places. (that’s why we see 4 when drunk)

Front 22

Dark Adaptation

Back 22

it takes to see in the dark)the lowest intensity of light that can be seen at a given time. Red goggles can make you see more quickly in the dark

Front 23

Threshold-

Back 23

amount of physical stimulus required to see correctly ( below-not detected; above-is detected)

Front 24

Absolute threshold

Back 24

minimum amount of stimulus energy detected in the dark

Front 25

Relative Threshold

Back 25

differential threshold is the amount of stimulus energy required to see a light against a background of fixed light; the brighter the light, the more intense the spot has to be, and it will appear not as strong against a brighter light. everything is relitive

Front 26

Resolution Threshold(Visual Acuity)-

Back 26

ability to discriminate fine details. the lower the threshold-better acuity(vision); poor acuity- harder to see; low light- poor visual acuity

Front 27

Snellen Chart

Back 27

eye chart) letters you can read while standing 20 feet away

Front 28

Color

Back 28

set of experiences; consists of
Hue=different qualitative (names-red, blue)
Saturation= how much hue there is (white—red)
Brightness- light to dark (white—black)
High Activity= red

Front 29

Color Blindness-

Back 29

missing one or more cones; 4 types; most common is red-green see blue-yellow; only men have it, comes from the mother

Front 30

General Principles Bright contrast

Back 30

brightness of an object depends on the adjacent stimulation; gray square surrounded by white appears darker than a gray square surrounded by black

Front 31

General Principles Perception of Objects

Back 31

Even if a stimulus is ambiguous you create an internal representation that will be clear; people see different things looking at the same stimulus

Front 32

General Principles Object Perception

Back 32

things are grouped together in the simplest manner

Front 33

General Principles Proximity

Back 33

things are viewed together

Front 34

General Principles Similarity

Back 34

similar things are seen together

Front 35

General Principles Closure

Back 35

closed whole is viewed

Front 36

General Principles no name

Back 36

Properties of objects remain constant in spite of changing viewing conditions

Front 37

Sound Waves

Back 37

caused by vibrations, expressed in: Frequency
Amptitude-expressions in decibels

Front 38

The Ear:- 3 parts

Back 38

1. Outer ear-
2. Middle ear-
3. Inner ear-

Front 39

Inner ear-

Back 39

vibrations are transformed to nerve signals and sent to the brain; long tube= cochlea; filled with fluid; divided in length by a flexible membrane=basilar membranes; has hair cells

Front 40

cochlea

Back 40

long tubefilled with fluid

Front 41

Outer ear-

Back 41

sounds enter here and cause the eardrum to vibrate

Front 42

Middle ear-

Back 42

3 bones-smallest in the body; transmit sound to the inner ear (hammer,anvil,____)

Front 43

Most important function of hearing

Back 43

makes speech possible

Front 44

Auditory Experiences-

Back 44

1-loudness
2-pitch
3-timber

Front 45

Chanting-

Back 45

special sounds creating a physical and psychological effect

Front 46

Spatial Localization

Back 46

Auditory system helps us to locate objects in space; the two ears are stimulated differently since they are in different places; it can be practiced for improvement; blind people are best at this

Front 47

Taste buds

Back 47

on the surface of the tongue; 10,000 buds on the tongue; each receptor lasts 4 days.

Front 48

4 Dimensions of Taste:

Back 48

1. Sweet- tip
2. Salty-side
3. Sour-side
4. Bitter-back

Front 49

Smell:

Back 49

Upper part of the nasal cavity; 30 million receptors in each nostril; extraordinary sensitivity to odors; sense most used by animals.

Front 50

mullberry

Back 50

mûre

Front 51

2 Major functions in Animals:

Back 51

1. To find food
2. Communication-consists of:
a. Territorial marking
b. Sexual attraction

Front 52

Pheromones-

Back 52

chemical produced for the purpose of communication

Front 53

*Smells have a profound effect on

Back 53

human’s interpersonal behavior at a non-verbal and emotional level

Front 54

Skin contact- 4 qualities/sensations:

Back 54

1. Warm
2. Cold
3. Touch
4. Pain
Most objects produce a combination of sensations; not just one sensation

Front 55

Attention:

Back 55

Right side of brain function is selective;

Front 56

brain function isdetermined by

Back 56

1-motivation
2-needs at the moment

Front 57

Range of vison

Back 57

Normal--- 20/20, 20/20
Better--- 20/15, 20/10
Poor---20/30, 20/40
feet away/feet can see