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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is motion perception?
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the ability to perceive motion and to identify what motions are occuring
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what are saccades?
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high speed eye movements, (like when reading a book, eyes move rapidly from word to word in a jolty fashion
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what is smooth pursuit?
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your eyes ability to follow motion across a plane in a single smooth movement
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what two perceptual consequences have to be present in order for motion to be perceived?
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your eyes have to receive COMMAND SIGNALS and there has to be RETINAL IMAGE MOTION
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what is biological motion?
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this is motion that is recognized as motion of a living object. we can recognize these motions easily (think back to picture of white dots, though we cannot make out a human form from just the dots, when the dots move we can clearly see a human figure walking)
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what cells only respond to biological motion?
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cells in the superior temporal gyrus
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What is illusory movement?
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no actual movement but motion is perceived
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what is apparent motion? Whats an example?
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motion that appears to occur but actually is not.
A car rim is a good example. If the frame rate of our perception is faster that the rotation of the rim, we will perceive the rim as moving backwards even though it is clearly moving forward. |
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what is motion afteraffect?
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similar to an after image. when looking at a single motion for a long time (spiraling circle or a waterfall), the neurons become over exposed and begin firing in the opposite direction. when you look away from the motion you will see an after image on whatever surface you look at next
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what are some examples of cutaneous senses?
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touch
temperature pain |
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what are the layers of the skin?
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epidermis
dermis subcutaneous fat |
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what are some attributes characterized by mechanoreceptors?
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stimulus type
receptive field size adaptation rate |
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what are 4 mechanoreceptors?
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merkeldisk
meissner corpuscle Ruffini ending pacinian corpuscle |
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whats the pathway called that a signal from a mechanoreceptor travels up to the brain on?
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Medial Lemniscal Pathway
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where does information traveling on the Trigeminal touch pathway come from?
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info from the face, mouth and tongue travel on the trigeminal touch pathway
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what is neural plasticity?
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neural plasticity is the brains ability to re-program an area that has been damaged. The damaged area is reprogrammed to help the adjacent areas of the brain
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what is a phantom limb and what causes it?
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a phantom limb is when people lose a limb but they still feel the limbs presence. This is caused by remapping effect in somatosensory cortex
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what is dystonia?
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when you engage in an action and muscles do not do what they should.
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what is tactile acuity?
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tactile actuity is the distance apart two stimuli have to be in order to produce two different response. If the two stimuli fall into the same receptive field then only one signal is produced. If the two stimuli fall into two receptive fields than two signals are produced
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how does tactile acuity change as we age?
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as we age our tactile acuity goes down, meaning that we need more distance between two stimuli to tell the difference between the two
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what did the TMS study tell us about tactile acuity in blind people?
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The TMS study showed the effects of neural plasticity when they created a temporary lesion in the visual cortex of blind people and found that they had a harder time comprehending brail. due to neural plasticity the visual cortex was taken over by the somatosensory system
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how does tactile acuity change for blind people?
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blind people have more sensitive tactile acuity. blind people can tell two stimuli apart more easily than non blind people
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what is tactile localization?
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the difference between where a probe touches you and where you report you felt the probe touch you.
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where on the body is tactile localization the smallest difference?
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our fingers and our toes have the smallest difference between where the touch occurs and where the touch is reported, about 3 mm
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what are the 6 exploratory movements for touching something?
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lateral motion (detects texture)
static contact (detects temperature enclosure (detects global shape and volume) pressure (detects hardness) unsupported holding (detects weight) contour following (detects global shape and exact shape) |
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why is a tickle more effective when someone else tickles you as opposed to tickling yourself?
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when you tickle yourself you have a motor command that accompanies the activity in the somatosensory system. The motor command weakens the response in the somatosensory system. when someone else tickles you there is no motor command with the somatosensory response, therefore the response in the somatosensory system is greater when someone else tickles you
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what is Hyperalgesia?
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reduced threshold for pain, increased intensity of pain, or spontaneous pain in areas with damaged or inflamed skin, joints and/or muscles or in areas surrounding the damaged and inflamed areas
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what is an analgesic?
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something that reduces your sensitivity to pain
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how many decibels does something have to be to eventually cause hearing loss?
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after prolonged exposure to 110 decibels or above you experience hearing loss
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how many decibels does it take for something to become painful to hear?
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anything about 140 decibels is painful to hear
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What's the difference between a pure sound wave and a complex sound wave?
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a pure sound wave consists of one frequency while a complex sound wave consists of several different frequencies all joining together
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what is saccadic suppression?
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when eye move, the retinal image is displaced but no motion is perceived. this is because our eyes are moving and not the image so no motion is perceived
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what is induced motion?
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this is motion of something near you makes you feel like you are moving.
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explain velocity threshold
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as you get farther away from the fovea the receptive fields become bigger. this means that velocity has to increase in to be perceived as still moving quickly across the receptive fields
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where is the somatosensory cortex located?
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the parietal lobe
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in layer 3B of Brodmans area what does area 1 perceive? what does area 2 perceive?
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area 1 perceives texture
area 2 perceives size and shape |
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whats the difference between rapid adapting and slow adapting mechanoreceptors?
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a rapid adapting cell will detect the stimulus as soon as it senses the stimulus but won't fire while the stimulus is still present, fires again when stimulus is removed
slow adapting cells fire the entire time the stimulus is present |
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which mechanoreceptor is responsible for detecting texture and pattern?
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Merkel disks: has a small receptive field and is slow adapting
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which mechanoreceptor is responsible for detecting low frequency vibrations?
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meissner corpuscle: has a small receptive field and is rapid adapting
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which mechanoreceptor is responsible for detecting sustained pressure and skin stretching? how big is its receptive field and is it slow or rapid adapting?
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Ruffini ending: has a large receptive field and is slow adapting
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which mechanoreceptor is responsible detecting high frequency vibrations? how big is its receptive field and is it slow or rapid adapting?
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Pacinian corpuscle: has a large receptive field and has rapid adapatation
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what is paradoxial cold?
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when something is so hot that it feels cold
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what is impedance matching?
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impedance matching is used to amplify sound to counteract the decibel loss
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what does the organ of corti do?
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the organ of corti is the area where transduction occurs
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what is the fluid in the ear called and what is it made of?
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perilymph and its made of mostly sodium
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when something is depolarized what is its charge?
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it is more positive
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when something is hyperpolarized what is its charge?
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it is more negative
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what are the parts of the outer ear?
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the pinna and the auditory canal
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whats another name for the eardrum?
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tympanic membrane
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what are the names of the 3 bones in the ear?
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Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup) |
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what are the parts of the inner ear?
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the semicircular canals
the auditory nerve the cochlea |
