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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pitch |
choclea frequency distinguish sounds |
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Loudness |
amplitude and frequency |
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location |
amplitude & phase |
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Phase |
diff two signals |
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Pressure waves |
across basilar membrane movement up and down |
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Start membrane |
narrow tight stiff |
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End membrane |
wide loose and floppy |
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High frequency |
narrow at end |
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basilar membrane |
cannot distinguish similar frequencies |
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Vibrations of basilar membrane |
auditory nerve |
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Volley Theory |
higher frequency multiple neurons firing at certain point in wave not every wave |
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discriminate frequencies |
diminishes after 5000Hz |
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presbycusis |
loss of hearing at higer frequencies |
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absolute threshold |
minimum amount of stimulation to hear |
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Difference threshold |
distinguish two sounds |
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Auditory fatigue |
reduction of sensitivity after intense stimulation |
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Auditory adaptation |
reduction in sensitivity during stimulus presentation |
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Audition |
directly into brainstem |
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Hair cell bending |
graded potential NT release |
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8th cranial nerve |
vestibulocholear nerve 30,000 50,000 auditory neurons |
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Choclear nuclei |
auditory neurons synapse with new neurons Dorsal and ventral |
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Choclear nuclei function |
sharpen frequency coding of neurons |
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Choclear nucleilocation |
medulla near pons |
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Superior olivary nuclei |
Binural location 60% cochlear nuclei cross complementary 40% ipsilateral nucleus |
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SON sup location |
medulla ponds border |
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son function |
begin sound localization |
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Inferior colliculi function |
continue localization and interface auditory space Eye movement toward unknown |
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tonotopic organization |
sestitive to smaller frequency neurons near each other map of basilar membrane |
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TONOp org location |
mid brain |
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Medial geniculate nuclei function |
traffic director |
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MGN location |
Thalamus |
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Primary auditory cortex location |
temporal lobes of brain |
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PAC cortex function |
cares about change in sound habituate rapidly |
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cerebral dominance |
contralateral signals more intense |
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Dichotic listening |
different or competing sounds to each ear |
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Left hemisphere |
predominates in processing speech and language related sounds |
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right hemisphere |
predominates processing non verbal sounds |
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Expertise |
Changes dominance nature of stimulus not important |
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One ear some depth perception |
Two ears more depth perception |
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Humans |
horizontal location not vertical |
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Interaural time difference |
onset phase difference |
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Onset |
right then left for all types of sounds |
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Phase |
Easier to detect low frequency sounds different phases for the two ears one will lag |
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Interaural Level difference |
intensity of sound reach each ear differs depending on the location of source |
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Sound shadow |
frequency sound bends around the head best 3000Hz |
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Shadow limitations |
not good for mid frequencys 2000 |
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Head movements |
remove areas of confusion |
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Cone of confusion |
imaginary cone exceding from each ear in which every location on cone is eaqual distance from far ear |
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Pinna |
shape helps localize sounds |
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Top down relative intensity |
louder is closer |
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top down spectral composition |
high frequency more attenuated with distance |
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Doppler shift |
object moving toward or away change of percieved pitch higher when approaching |
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movement parallax |
closerr sounds change location more frequently |
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Inner ear |
located in temporal lobe |
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cochlea |
small delicate |
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light and sound similarities |
travel in waves Distance senses |
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frequency |
cycles per second inverse of period |
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Amplitude |
intensity amount of pressure (loudness) |
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phase |
part of cycle relative to fixed point |
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Fourier analysis |
seperate complex sounds into simple sine waves |
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Decibel scale |
one particular energy level is used as reference intensity all other intensities multiples of that reference |
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SPL |
sound pressure level 10-16W/cm^2 |
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Outter ear |
Pinna |
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Pinna |
peripherial portion of ear of cartilage sound gathering |
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auditory canal |
tunnel leads to middle ear 2.5cm range 3500 |
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Middle ear |
amplify sound because inner ear is full of fluid |
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Tympanic membrane |
ear drum vibrates in response to pressure changes |
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3 bones |
occicles (malleus, incus, & stapes) move in response to vibrations |
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tensor tympani and stapedius muscles |
contractions reduce amplification of power of middle ear |
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Acoustic reflex |
contraction response to loud sounds protect inner ear |
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Inner ear |
filled with fluid cochlear |
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Cochlea |
coiled fluid filled cavity contains receptors for transducing pressure into neural events |
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ossicle movement and cochlea |
produce movements in oval window of cochlea cause pressure changes |
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Three cannals |
vestibular- oval to tympanic canal Tympanic canal- vestibular canal to round window Cochlear duct- canal contains organ of corti |
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Oval window |
membrane between middle and inner ears ossicles transfer message to this membrane |
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Basilar membrane |
membrane separating tympani canal and cochlear duct |
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Tectorial membrane |
inflexible membrane in the cochlear duct |
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Organ of coti |
Transduce sound causes hair cells to press against tectorial membrane and bend |
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Outer Ear |
blocked auditory canal Rupture tympanic membrane |
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Middle ear |
ortitis media- fluid build up |
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Presbycusis (old ear) |
loss of sensitivity due to age lose sensitivity due to high frequency loud exposure |
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Tinnitus |
exposure to loud sounds ringing in ears |
