Semester Iii - Neuroanatomy - Brain Stem

Front 1

Great Motor Decussation is aka

Back 1

Decussation of the Pyramids

Front 2

Great Sensory Decussation is aka

Back 2

Decussation of the Lemnisci

Front 3

Substantia Gelatinosa in the posterior gray column becomes continuous with the...

Back 3

Nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve [V].

Front 4

The decussation of the leminisci is anterior to the ____ and posterior to the ___

Back 4

The decussation of the leminisci is anterior to the CENTRAL GRAY MATTER and posterior to the PYRAMIDS

Front 5

internal arcuate fibers emerging from the nucleus gracilis and cuneate form the ___

Nucleus of the ___ of the ____nerve lie lateral to the internal arcuate fibers

The ____ of the ____ nerve lies lateral to the nucleus

Back 5

internal arcuate fibers emerging from the nucleus gracilis and cuneate form the LEMNISCI (the fibers first travel anteriorly and laterally around the central gray matter, then medially towards midline to decussate to the opposite side)

Nucleus of the SPINAL TRACT of the TRIGEMINAL nerve lie lateral to the internal arcuate fibers

The SPINAL TRACT of the TRIGEMINAL nerve lies lateral to the nucleus

Front 6

The Spinothalmic tracts (anterior and lateral) and the spinotectal tracts are collectively known as the ...

They lie ____ to the decussation of the lemnisci

Back 6

Spinal Leminiscus

They lie LATERAL to the decussation of the lemnisci

Front 7

Spinocerebellar, Vestibulospinal, and Rubrospinal tracts are situated ___ly in the medulla oblongata

Back 7

Spinocerebellar, Vestibulospinal, and Rubrospinal tracts are situated ANTERIOLATERALY in the medulla oblongata

Front 8

The increase in Gray Matter at the level of the Olives is owing to the presence of...

The Function of the Olivary Nuclei is associated with...

Back 8

Olivary Nuclear Complex
Nuclei of [VIII], [XI], [X], [XI], and [XII]
Arcuate Nuclei

Voluntary Movement
Integrates afferents from Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Spinal cord. It sends fibers across the midline to through the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle to the cerebellum

Front 9

Arcuate fibers are ___ displaced ____ nuclei

They are situated _____ to the pyramids

Back 9

Arcuate fibers are INFERIORLY displaced DISPLACED nuclei

They are situated ANTERIOR to the pyramids

Front 10

The Reticular Formation consists of ___ and is present in the ___

It is deeply placed, posterior to the Olivary nucleus.

Back 10

The Reticular Formation consists of VARIOUS NERVE FIBERS, SMALL GROUPS OF NERVE CELLS and is present in the MIDBRAIN, PONS & MEDULLA

It is deeply placed, posterior to the Olivary nucleus.

Front 11

Which nerves are seen running anteriorly and laterally through the reticular formation at the level of the olives?

Where do they emerge from?

Back 11

[XI], [X], [XI] & [XII]

[XI], [X] & [XI] - emerge from between the Olives and the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

the [XII] emerges anterior most, from between the Pyramids & Olives

Front 12

In the Medulla, just bellow the level of the Pons, the Inferior Vestibular nucleus has been replaced by the ____

The Cochlear nuclei are now present on the ___ and ___ surfaces of the ____ Cerebellar Peduncle

Back 12

In the Medulla, just bellow the level of the Pons, the Inferior Vestibular nucleus has been replaced by the LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS

The Cochlear nuclei are now present on the ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR surfaces of the INFERIOR Cerebellar Peduncle

Front 13

The Medulla Oblongata receives branches from which arteries?

Back 13

Vertebral
Anterior & Posterior Spinal
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar
Basilar

Front 14

What is the Arnold-Chiari Malformation?

Back 14

The Arnold-Chiari Malformation if when the Cerebellar Tonsils & Medulla herniate through the Foramen Magnum into the vertebral canal, thus blocking the 4th ventricle. This causes Hydrocephalus.

Often time associated with congenital craniovertebral anomalies or forms of spinal bifida

Symptoms would be those associated with the last 4 cranial nerves and pressure on the Medulla and Cerebellum

Front 15

Medial Medullary Syndrome, due to thrombosis of the vertebral artery that supplies the medial part of medulla, is manifested though these signs and symptoms...

Back 15

Contralateral Hemiparesis (pyramidal tract)

Contralateral impaired sensation of position (medial lemniscus)

Contralateral impaired tactile discrimination (medial lemniscus)

Ipsilateral paralysis of the tounge (hypoglossal nerve)

Front 16

The anterior surface of the Pons has a shallow depression called the ____ and it contains the ____

Back 16

The anterior surface of the Pons has a shallow depression called the BASILAR GROOVE and it contains the BASILAR ARTERY

Front 17

The Trigeminal Nerve [V] emerges from...

it has a ___ Sensory part and ___ Motor. (fiber size)

Back 17

the anteriolateral surface of the Pons

it has a LARGE Sensory part and SMALL Motor. (fiber size)

Front 18

Which nerves emerge from in between the Pons and the Medulla Oblongata?

list lateral to medial

Back 18

Vestibulocochlear [VIII]
Facial [VII]
Abducent [VI]
Trigeminal [V] - (anterior surface of pons)

Front 19

from medial to lateral

Medial Sulcus, ____, Sulcus Limitants, ____

Superiorly the sulcus limitants has a bluish-gray color due to ___

Back 19

medial sulcus, MEDIAL EMINENCE, sulcus limitants, AREA VESTIBULI

inferior end Medial Eminence is expanded to forms facial colliculus.

Area Vestibuli is produced by the underlying vestibular nucleus.

Superiorly the sulcus limitants has a bluish-gray color due to SUBSTANTIA FERRUGINEA

Front 20

The winding of the root of the ___ nerve around the nucleus of the ___ nerve forms the ___ colliculus.

Back 20

The winding of the root of the FACIAL nerve around the nucleus of the ABDUCENT nerve forms the FACIAL colliculus.

Front 21

The transversely running fibers of the ____ separates the Pons into the anterior ___ and the posterior ___

Back 21

The transversely running fibers of the TRAPEZOID BODY separates the Pons into the anterior BASAL PART and the posterior TEGMENTUM

Front 22

The __ rotates as it enters the Pons from the medulla.

It is situated in the ___ tegmentum, with it long fibers running ___

this structure is accompanied by the ___ & ___

Back 22

The MEDIAL LEMNISCUS rotates as it enters the Pons from the medulla.

It is situated in the ANTERIOR tegmentum, with it long fibers running TRANSVERSELY

this structure is accompanied by the SPINAL & LATERAL LEMNISCI

Front 23

What is the main pathway that connects the vestibular and cochlear nuclei with the nuclei controlling the extraocular muscles?

Where does it lie?

List nuclei controlling extraocular muscles

Back 23

The MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS lies beneath the FOURTH VENTRICLE and is the main pathway connecting the vestibular and cochlear nuclei with the nuclei controlling the extraocular muscles.

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducent

Front 24

The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and its tract lie on the ____ aspect of the ___ cerebellar peduncle

Back 24

The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and its tract lie on the ATERIOMEDIAL aspect of the INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle

Front 25

The trapezoid body, which lies in the anterior part of the tegmentum, is derived from the ___ and ___ nuclei

Back 25

The trapezoid body, which lies in the anterior part of the tegmentum, is derived from the COCHLEAR and TRAPEZOID nuclei

Front 26

The ___ fibers of the crus cerebri of the midbrain terminate in the pontine nuclei. The axons of these cells give rise to the ___ fiber of the pons

Back 26

The CORTICOPONTINE fibers of the crus cerebri of the midbrain terminate in the pontine nuclei.

The axons of the pontine nuclei give rise to the TRANSVERSE fibers of the pons

Front 27

What is the main pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?

Back 27

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

The transverse fibers of the Pons enter the middle cerebellar peduncle and are distributed to the cerebellar hemisphere

Front 28

Which nuclei are present at the level of the Facial Colliculus?

Back 28

Nuclei at the level of the Facial Colliculus;
Facial
Abducent
Medial Vestibular
Spinal nuclei of [V]
Trapezoid
Pontine

Front 29

In the Pons, which nuclei are present at the level of the Trigeminal Nuclei?

Back 29

Spinal nuclei of [V]
Trapezoid nuclei
Pontine nuclei

Front 30

Which motor tracts are present at the level of the Facial Colliculus + Trigeminal Nuclei?

Back 30

Corticospinal
Corticonuclear
Spinal tract of [V]
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

Front 31

Which sensory tracts are present at the level of the Trigeminal Nuclei?

Back 31

Spinal Tract of [V], Spinal, Lateral, Medial Lemnisci

Front 32

Which sensory tracts are present at the level of the Trigeminal Nuclei?

Back 32

Spinal, Lateral, Medial Lemnisci are the sensory tracts present at the level of the Trigeminal Nuclei

Front 33

In the Pons, the ___ Nucleus of the [V] is medial to the ___ Nucleus of the [V]

(motor or sensory)

Back 33

In the pons, the MOTOR nucleus of the [V] is medial to the MAIN SENSORY nucleus of the [V]

Front 34

The Pons communicates anteriorly with the ___ artery, the ___ of the sphenoid bone, ___ part of the occipital bone

Back 34

The Pons communicates anteriorly with the BASILAR artery, the DORSUM SELLAE of the sphenoid bone, BASILAR part of the occipital bone

Front 35

Tumors of the Corticopontocerebellar tracts will result in...

Back 35

cerebral ataxia
intention tremors

Front 36

Astrocytoma of the Pons is the most common tumor of the pons and occurs in childhood. What are the signs and symptoms?

Back 36

Nystagmus due to Vestibular nucleus
Deafness due to cochlear nucleus
Ipsilateral weakness of face due to [VII] nucleus
Weakness of Lateral Rectus due to [VI] nucleus
Weakness of jaw muscles due to [V]
Anesthesia to light touch due to the Principle Sensory nucleus of trigeminal

Contralateral hemiparesis, quadraparesis due to Corticospinal fibers
Contralateral sensory defects due to Medial and Spinal Lemnisci

Front 37

Which nuclei does the Medial Longitudinal Fascicculus connect?

Back 37

the medial longitudinal fasciculus connects the occulomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerve nuclei

Front 38

Which arteries supply the Pons?

Back 38

Basilar artery
Inferior, Anterior, Superior Cerebellar arteries

(B.I.A.S)

Front 39

Extensive, bilateral hemorrhage of the pons may cause the pupils to become ___ and the patient to become poikilothermic, why?

Back 39

Due to involvement of the ocular sympathetic fibers

because the body has been cut off from the heat regulating centers in the hypothalmus

Front 40

What develops from the Mesencephalon?

Back 40

Midbrain

Front 41

The Superior Colliculi are centers for ___ reflexes

The Inferior Colliculi is are centers for __ reflexes

Back 41

The Superior Colliculi are centers for VISUAL reflexes

The Inferior Colliculi is are centers for LOWER AUDITORY reflexes

Front 42

Which cranial nerve emerges from beneath the Inferior Colliculus?

Where does it go from there?

Back 42

The Trochlear [IV]

This small diameter nerve then winds around the midbrain and enters the lateral wall of the Cavernous Sinus

Front 43

The ___ connects the Inferior Colliculus to the Medial Geniculate Body

where as

The ___ connects the Superior Colliculus to the Lateral Geniculate Body

Back 43

The INFERIOR BRACHIUM connects the Inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body.

Where as the SUPERIOR BRACHIUM connects the superior colliculus to the lateral geniculate body

Front 44

Describe the anterior aspect of the midbrian.

What is the name given to the floor of the interpeduncular fossa in the region of the midbrain?

Back 44

The anterior aspect of the midbrain has a Deep Depression in its midline called the INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA which is bound on either side by the CRUS CEREBRI

The floor of the interpeduncular fossa is termed as the Posterior Perforated Substance due to the perforation of many small blood vessels

Front 45

Where does the Occulomotor [III] emerge from?

Back 45

In the MidBrain, it emerges from the Medial side of the Crus Cerebri and passes forward into the Lateral Wall of the Cavernous Sinus

Front 46

The Cerebral Peduncles are divided into ___ & ___

Back 46

The Cerebral Peduncles are divided into (posterior) TEGMENTUM & (anterior) CRUS CEREBRI

Front 47

In the MidBrain, the area posterior to the Cerebral Aqueduct is called the

Back 47

Tectum

Front 48

At the level of the Superior Colliculus, the the Lateral Lemniscus has been replaced by the ___

Back 48

Trigeminal Lemniscus

Front 49

Which decussation is present at the level of the Inferior Colliculus?

Back 49

Decussation of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

Front 50

Which decussation is present at the level of the Superior Colliculus?

Back 50

Decussation of the Rubrospinal Tract

Front 51

What are the descending tracts that occupy the Crus Cerebri?

(lateral --> medial)

Back 51

TemporoPontine
CorticoSpinal & CorticoNuclear
FrontoPontine

These descending tracts connect the Cerebral Cortex to the Anterior Gray Column cells on the spinal cord, Cranial Nerve nuclei, Pons & Cerebellum

Front 52

the superior colliculus is connected to the Lateral Geniculate body by the ____. It receives afferents from ___, ___ & ____. The afferent fibers end in the PreTectal tracts.

It sends efferents to the ___ & ___ tracts.

Combined they form part of the visual reflexes.

Back 52

the superior colliculus is connected to the Lateral Geniculate body by the SUPERIOR BRACHIUM. It receives afferents from OPTIC NERVE, VISUAL CORTEX & SPINOTECTAL TRACT. The afferent fibers end in the PreTectal tracts.

It sends efferents to the TECTOSPINAL & TECTOBULBAR tracts.

Combined they form part of the visual reflexes.

Front 53

the parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve [III] is known as the ___ nucleus.

The oculomotor nucleus is situated in the ___ matter, just posterior to the ___

Prior to emerging from the medial side of the crus cerebri, the [III] passes through the ___ nucleus

Back 53

the parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve [III] is known as the EDINGER-WESTPHAL nucleus.

The oculomotor nucleus is situated in the CENTRAL GRAY matter, just posterior to the MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS

Prior to emerging from the medial side of the crus cerebri, the [III] passes through the RED nucleus

Front 54

Afferent fibers reach the Red Nucleus from the cerebral cortex via ___ fibers, the cerebellum via ___ and the lentiform, subthalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, substantia nigra as well as the spinal cord

Back 54

Afferent fibers reach the Red Nucleus from the cerebral cortex via CORTICOSPINAL fibers, the cerebellum via SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE and the lentiform, subthalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, substantia nigra as well as the spinal cord

Front 55

Efferent fibers leave the Red Nucleus to go to the spinal cord via ___ tract, reticular formation via the ___ tract, thalamus and substania nigra

Back 55

Efferent fibers leave the Red Nucleus to go to the spinal cord via RUBROSPINAL tract, reticular formation via the RUBRORETICULAR tract, thalamus and substania nigra