Semester Iii - Histology Of Head And Neck

Front 1

cells of Cerebral Cortex

Back 1

Pyramidal Cells
NonPyramidal Cells

Front 2

Pyramidal Cells

Back 2

MultiPolar neurons
One main dendrite
Axon projects to white mater, becomes a projection of association fiber

Front 3

Stellate Cells

Back 3

Small Polygonal, (granule cells)
Numerous small dendrites
Short Axon

Front 4

Horizontal Cells

Back 4

Small Fusiform
Superficially found
Many small dendrites
Long Axon, runs parallel to cortical surface

Front 5

Martinotti Cells

Back 5

Small Multipolar
Deeper layer
Short Dendrites
Long Axon, ascends to superficial layer

Front 6

List the 6 Layers of cerebral Cortex

Back 6

1-Molecular/Plexiform Layer
2-External Granular Layer
3-Pyramidal Cell layer
4-Internal Layer
5-Ganglionic Layer
6-Multiform Layer

Front 7

Molecular/Plexiform Layer of Cerebral Cortex

Back 7

Nerve cells

Horizontal cells

Front 8

External Granular Layer of Cerebral Cortex

Back 8

Small Pyramidal cells

Stellate (granule) cells

Front 9

Pyramidal Layer of Cerebral Cortex

Back 9

Large Pyramidal cells

few Granule cells

Front 10

Ganglionic Layer of Cerebral Cortex

Back 10

Large Pyramidal

Martinotti Cells

Stellate Cells

Front 11

Multiform Layer of Cerebral Cortex

Back 11

Pyramidal cells

Stellate cells

Martinotti cells

Front 12

Molecular Layer of Cerebellum

Back 12

Neurons - Stellate & Basket Cells

Stellate: star shaped, short dendrites, single transverse axon, synapses with Purkinji

Front 13

Purkinji Cell Layer of Cerebellum

Back 13

Stroma of Pukinji cells

they are the functional unit of cerebellum. flask shaped, Large Multipolar

Front 14

Granular Layer of Cerebellum

Back 14

Small type II golgi neurons, extend through all layers of cortex, synapse with Mossy fibers

Granule Cells: few short dendrites, Axons ascend to molecular layer.

Front 15

Climbing Fibers of Cerebellum

Back 15

Originate in Inferior Olivary Nuclei of Medulla

Synapse in Molecular layer with Purkinji dendrites

Front 16

Mossy Fibers of Cerebellum

Back 16

From Spinocerebellar tract, vestibulocerebellar tract, pontocerebellar etc.

Synapse with Golgi type II and Granule cells

Front 17

Parenchyma of Salivary Gland has...

Back 17

Alveoli (acini) which are spherical in shape, lined internally by secretory epithelial cells (pyramidal w/spherical basal nucleus).

Can be Serous or Mucous alveoli

Front 18

Stroma of Salivary Gland has...

Back 18

Dense CT, capsule provides septa to lobulate gland.

Septa are vascular

Front 19

Ductal System of Salivary gland has...

Back 19

Interlobular - simple columnar epithelium

Interlobar - pseudostratified columnar (proximally: Intercalated, distally: Striated)

Main Duct - Statified columnar

Front 20

Characteristics of Parotid Gland

Back 20

Largest salivary gland

only serous

elongated Intercalated duct (proximal interlobar)

well developed CT

secretions rich in Amylase

Front 21

Characteristics of SubLingual Gland

Back 21

Mixed type, predominantly MUCUS

Striated duct wider and longer, lined by CUBOIDAL. foamy appearance.

Well developed CT

secretions rich in Lysosomes

Front 22

Thymus:

Characteristics

Embryological Development

Back 22

- Bilobed. Involute near puberty. Epithelium of pouches, develop into sponge like structure. Capsule + Septa

No lymphoid follicles
No afferent lymphatic vessels

- Endoderm of 3rd Pharyngeal Pouch

Front 23

Thymic Cortex:

Thymic Medulla:

Back 23

Cortex - highly cellular, basophilic, septa is vascular

Medulla - less cellular, eosinophillic, central medulla contains Hassal's corpuscles

Front 24

Give characteristic features of the inner and outer lip

Back 24

Cutaneous Surface:
Keratinized, statified squamous epithelium, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands

Red Area:
Non-keratinized squamous epithelium, thick stratum lucidium. Numerus thick vascular dermal papillae (red).

Oral Surface:
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria contains mucous glands (labial salivary glands).

Front 25

The Skeletal muscle of the tongue is covered by...

Back 25

mucous membrane, non-keratinized statified squamous. Cornified on dorsal surface.

Front 26

Skeletal muscle of the tongue is classified as (3):

Back 26

1-Longitudinal
2-Transverse
3-Vertical

Front 27

Describe anterior 2/3 of the tongue's surface

Back 27

rough due to lingual papillae. Three types:

1-Filiform - No TasteBuds
2-fungiform - TasteBuds present
3-Circumvallate - 8-12, V-shape, Sulcus Terminalis, TasteBuds present in trenches

Front 28

List layers of Adrenal Cortex w/respective secretions

(essential to life)

Back 28

ZonaGlomerulosa - Mineralcorticoids (eg. ADH)

ZonaFasiculata - Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

"Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex"
(glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis)

(mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids).

ZonaReticularis - Sex Hormones

Front 29

What to the Acidophilic and Basophilic cells of the Anterior Pituitary release

Back 29

"GPA" (growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophils).

"B-FLAT" (basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH).

Front 30

What does the Posterior Pituitary release?

Back 30

ADH, Oxytocin

Front 31

What are the two types of peripheral nerves?

Back 31

Cranial and Spinal

Front 32

what are layers of peripheral nerves?

Back 32

Epineurium - Dense CT around peripheral nerve

Perineurium - CT around fascicles

Endoneurium - CT around each nerve fiber

Front 33

What are the two cell types in the thyroid gland, and what do they release?

Back 33

Follicular - Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4)

Parafollicular (C cells) - Calcitonin

Front 34

What are the two cell types in the parathyroid gland, what is their function?

Back 34

Principle or Chief cells & Oxyphil cells.

secrete ion hormones that raise ionized serum calcium levels.

Front 35

What are characteristics of endocrine glands?

List glands of Endocrine System

What is its function?

Back 35

Endocrine glands are ductless, clusters of cells that secrete hormones directly into the blood to interact with the nervous system

Pitutary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pineal, Adrenal

Modulates and controls body's metabolic activities

Front 36

What are Hormones?

How are they classified?

Back 36

Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to distant Target Cells via circulatory system

-Water Soluble: Interact with specific receptors on cell surface which communicates the message inside the cell for a biological response.

-Lipid Soluble: directly affects transcription as it can pass into the cytosol or nucleus to bind its specific receptor

Front 37

Where does the Pituitary (Hypophysis) lie?

What are its Anterior and Posterior divisions called?

Back 37

It lies bellow the hypothalamus

Ant - Adrenohypophysis

Post - Neurohypophysis

Front 38

Anterior Pituitary aka Adrenohypophysis

What is its embryological origin?

What are its further subdivisions?

Back 38

Adrenohypophysis originates from Rathke Pouch, an Ectodermal diverticulum of Stomodeum

- Pars Tuberalis
- Pars Intermedia
- Pars Distalis

Front 39

Pars Distalis - supported by connective tissue. Contains cords of irregular Parenchymal cells lying adjacent to ___ capillaries

What are the Subdivisions of Parenchymal cells?

Back 39

FENESTRATED
Chromophil

>Acidophil: GP.A
Somatotrophs(GrowthHormone)
Mammotrophs(Prolactin)

>Basophil B.FLAT
Gonadotrophs (FSH,LH)
Coticotrophs (ATCH)
Thyrotrophs (TSH)

Chromophobe - No Stain

Folliculostellate Cells - found between chromophils and chromophobes

Front 40

The Pars Intermedia of the Adrenohypophysis lies in between the pars __ & pars ___

What are its characteristic features?

Back 40

The Pars Intermedia lies in between the pars NERVOSA & pars DISTALIS

- Rathke Cysts (lined by cuboidal cells)
- Prohormone secreting Basophilic cells

Front 41

the Pars Tuberalis of the Adrenohypophsis surrounds the cranial part of the Infundibulum. What cells does it contain?

Back 41

Cuboidal, Basophilic cells arranged in cords along capillaries

Front 42

Neurohypophysis originates from the ___ of the ___ and is divided into the infundibulum.

Describe the following terms:
-Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
-Pars Nervsa
-Pituictes

Back 42

Neurohypophysis originates from the EVAGINATION of the HYPOTHALAMUS and is divided into the infundibulum.

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract - transports Oxytocin, ADH, Neurophysin & ATP to the Pars Nervosa

Pars Nervosa - Herrings bodies, Releases hormones into fenestrated capillaries in response to nerve stimulation

Pituicytes - supporting cells

Front 43

Thyroid follicles are spherical structures filled with __, a viscous gel consisting mostly of iodinated thyrogolobulin

Thyroid follicles are enveloped by a layer of epithelial cells called __ cells which in turn are surrounded by ___ cells. These 2 parenchymal cell rest on the basal lamina

Back 43

Thyroid follicles are spherical structures filled with COLLOID, a viscous gel consisting mostly of iodinated thyrogolobulin

Thyroid follicles are enveloped by a layer of epithelial cells called FOLLICULAR cells which in turn are surrounded by PARAFOLLICULAR cells. These 2 parenchymal cell rest on the basal lamina

Front 44

Follicular cells of the Thyroid Gland are normally __ in shape but become __ when stimulates and __ when inactive.

__ vesicles are involved in the release of __ in to colloid

What do the cells contain?

Back 44

Follicular cells of the Thyroid Gland are normally SPHERICAL in shape but become CUBOIDAL when stimulates and SQUAMOUS when inactive.

Mitochondrion (rod shaped)
RER
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes

APICAL vesicles are involved in the release of THYROGLOBULIN in to colloid

Front 45

Where are T4, aka __ , & T3, aka __ , synthesized?

Back 45

T4, aka THYROXINE , & T3, aka TRIIODOTHYROXINE , are synthesized in Follicular cells in the Thyroid

Front 46

Which cells secrete Calcitonin?

Where are they located?

What is Calcitonin released in response to?

Back 46

Caclcitonin is released by Parafollicular cells in response to elevated blood Glu levels (aka C cells). Inhibits osteoclasts

Present in small clusters between the follicular cells and basal lamina

They belong to the DNES cells, also known as APUD cells - Amine Precursor Uptake & Decarboxylation

Possess elongated mitochondrion and rich in RER

Front 47

How do T4 & T3 promote heat production?

Back 47

By increasing the Basal Metabolic Rate. They also have a broad effect on gene expression and induction of protein synthesis

Front 48

The parenchyma of Parathyroid cells is composed of __ & __ cells.

Give characteristic features of both cells...

Back 48

Parathyroid is composed of Chief cells & Oxyphil cells. Chief cells secretes PARATHYROID hormone (PTH)

Chief cells
Basophili
central nucleus
Small Mitochondrion
Developed Golgi
High RER

Oxyphil cells
Eosinophilic
Large Mitochindrion
Under-developed Golgi
Less RER

Front 49

What is the function of the Parathyroid hormone?

Removal of the Parathyroid Gland can cause...

Back 49

To increase blood calcium levels by directly stimulating Osteoclast cells to reabsorb bone. This is the opposite of Calcitonin.

Accidental removal can cause Tetany, hyperexcitability and spasticity of skeletal muscle.

Front 50

The Adrenal gland has to embryological origins. The Adrenal Medulla arises from the __ whereas the Adrenal Cortex arises from the __. The adrenal glands are invested in their own collagenous layer.

Back 50

The Adrenal gland has to embryological origins. The Adrenal Medulla arises from the MESODERM whereas the Adrenal Cortex arises from the NEURAL CREST. The adrenal glands are invested in their own collagenous layer.

Front 51

The adrenal Cortex contains parenchymal cells that synthesize and secrete, but DON'T STORE, steroid hormones.

What are the three layers, and what do they secrete?

Back 51

Zona Glomerulosa
Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone & Deoxycorticosterone. Small cells have shelf like cristae & extensive SER

Zona Fasciculata
Glucocorticoids - Cortisol & Corticosterone. Columns of cell & sinusoidal capillaries. termed Spongiocytes due to Lipid droplets

Zona Reticularis
Androgen (Male Sex Hormones) - masculine features

Front 52

The adrenal medulla contains __ cells, which synthesize, store & secrete Catecholamines.

These cells are __ cells containing secretory granules. They possess __ Golgi, __ RER, & __ mitochondrion

Back 52

The adrenal medulla contains __ cells, which synthesize, store & secrete Catecholamines.

These cells are POLYHEDRAL cells containing secretory granules. They possess MANY Golgi, FEW RER, & MANY mitochondrion

Front 53

Blood supply to Adrenal Gland

Zona Glomerulosa is supplied by __ capillaries, whereas the Zona Fasciculata & Reticularis are supplied by __, __, & __ capillaries

__ capillaries form an extensive network among the Chromaffin cells

Back 53

Blood supply to Adrenal Gland

Zona Glomerulosa is supplied by FENESTRATED capillaries, whereas the Zona Fasciculata & Reticularis are supplied by FENESTRATED, STRAIGHT, & DISCONTINUOUS capillaries

FENESTRATED capillaries form an extensive network among the Chromaffin cells