Semester 3 Week 2A

Front 1

how do alkylating agents and glutathione damage the cell?

Back 1

weakens cell's antioxidant defenses

Front 2

what are the effects of 'OH radical on proteins?

Back 2

targets S-containing amino acidsproteins fragment, cros-link, aggregate, degradeDNA- strand breaks, modified bases, cross-links

Front 3

proteins to be degraded are marked for destruction by ___

Back 3

ubiquitins

Front 4

what is the cellular source of hydrogen peroxide?

Back 4

catabolism of superoxide by superoxide dismutase, produced by peroxisome oxidases

Front 5

what is the effect of lipid peroxidation?

Back 5

loss of membrane integrity

Front 6

describe the Haber-Weiss Reaction

Back 6

O2- + H+ + H2O2 --> O2 + H2O + 'OH

Front 7

this term describes the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another

Back 7

metaplasia

Front 8

superoxide (O2-) is produced from what cellular process?

Back 8

leaks in mitochondrial electron transportproducts of plasma membrane oxidases in phagocytic inflammatory cells

Front 9

how does fat necrosis occur?

Back 9

phospholipases and proteases released from damaged pancreatic cells attack adipocytes and hydrolyze triglycerides

Front 10

Barrett esophagus is an example of this cellular change

Back 10

metaplasia (columnar epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium)

Front 11

in this type of necrosis, cells fail to retain cellular outlines but do not liquefy. dead cells persist as amorphous, coarsely granular eosinophilic debris resembling clumpy cheese

Back 11

caseous necrosis

Front 12

define pleomorphism

Back 12

variation in size and shape

Front 13

this term describes disordered growth and maturation of cellular components of a tissue in epithelium

Back 13

dysplasia

Front 14

where does dysplasia most often occur?

Back 14

in hyperpalstic squamous epithelium (actinic keratosis, squamous metaplasia, ulcerative colitis)

Front 15

what is the role of p53 genes in apoptosis?

Back 15

it recognizes abnormal cells and stops them in G1 phase. if DNA damage is irreversible it initiates apoptosis

Front 16

describe the extrinsic (death receptor-initiated) pathway of apoptosis

Back 16

FasL binds to Fas on death domainprocaspase-8 activates to caspase-8executioner caspases induce apoptosis

Front 17

how does cytoplasm appear in coagulative necrosis?

Back 17

more eosinophilic (red) with H&E stain

Front 18

usual cause of caseous necrosis

Back 18

tuberculosis but also seen wiht some fungi and other bacteria e.g. Brucella

Front 19

describe the Fenton Reaction

Back 19

Fe2+ + H2O2--> Fe3+ + OH- + 'OH

Front 20

how does α1-antitrypsin deficiency arise and what are the effects?

Back 20

mutations in coding gene leads to insoluble protein not easily transported from hepatocytes. this leads to emphysema and liver cirrhosis

Front 21

what is the adaptive cellular response to chronic irritation?

Back 21

metaplasia

Front 22

describe intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Back 22

Bcl-2 is inhibitedcytochrome C leaks from mitochondriacaspases activate and induce apoptosis

Front 23

what is the cause of hydropic swelling?

Back 23

increased sodium permeability by exceeding pump capacity or damaging pump directly

Front 24

what molecules are attacked by peroxynitrite (ONOO-)?

Back 24

lipids, proteins and DNA

Front 25

term for shrunken, more basophilic nucleus

Back 25

pyknosis

Front 26

α-synuclein aggregates (Lewy bodies) are observed in what diseases?

Back 26

Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)

Front 27

term for light microscopic changes in a dead or dying cell whereby cellular outlines are still recognizable in early stages, most often associated with ischemia

Back 27

coagulative necrosis

Front 28

mitochondrial injury results in formation of a channel in membrane called __

Back 28

MPTP (mitochondrial permeabilty transition pores)

Front 29

what is the term that describes a large pale cytoplasm and a normally located nucleus?

Back 29

hydropic swelling (acute reversible injury)

Front 30

what is nucleosomal laddering used for?

Back 30

marker for apoptosis, cleavage of chromosomal DNA by endonucleases in a very specific pattern

Front 31

the toxic protein aggregates, resulting from incorrect folding, that are found in Alzheimer's disease

Back 31

beta-amyloid protein

Front 32

what is the adaptive cellular response to increased demand or stimulus?

Back 32

hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia

Front 33

what is a primary difference between dysplastic and neoplastic cells?

Back 33

dysplastic cells are not entirely autonomous

Front 34

what is the adaptive cellular response to decreased nutrients or stimulation?

Back 34

atrophy

Front 35

neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein) characterize cortical neurons in this disease

Back 35

Alzheimer's disease

Front 36

this term describes a reduction in organ or tissue size due to decreased cell size and number

Back 36

atrophy

Front 37

Mallory bodies (intermediate filaments) are observed in what condition?

Back 37

alcoholic liver injury

Front 38

what is the TUNEL assay used for?

Back 38

marker for apoptosis, TdT transfers fluroescent nucleotide to expose breakpoints in DNA

Front 39

what is the toxic species produced in acetominophen metabolism?

Back 39

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone (produced by cytP450). this intermediate builds up when large doses of acetominophen overwhelm the downstream glucuronate pathway

Front 40

chemotherapeutic alkylating agents damage what cellular component?

Back 40

DNA

Front 41

this term describes increased number of cells resulting from physiological or pathological stimuli

Back 41

hyperplasia

Front 42

phalloidin and paclitaxel damage which cellular component?

Back 42

cytoskeleton

Front 43

heavy metals will most likely damage which cell component?

Back 43

mitochondria

Front 44

name three things that elicit hyperplasia

Back 44

hormonal stimuliincreased functional demandchronic injury

Front 45

this term describes increased cell size and functional capacity resulting from increased production of cellular proteins

Back 45

hypertrophy

Front 46

term for localized collection of dead and dying neutrophils plus or minus necrotic debris

Back 46

abscess

Front 47

term for fragmented nucleus

Back 47

karyorrhexis

Front 48

term for rapid dissolution of cells most often due to release of neutrophil hydrolytic enzymes

Back 48

liquefactive necrosis

Front 49

type of necrosis resulting from pancreatitis or trauma

Back 49

fat necrosis

Front 50

term for extrusion of nucleus from cell or loss of chromatin staining

Back 50

karyolysis

Front 51

typical location of fibrinoid necrosis

Back 51

vessels

Front 52

hallmark appearance of coagulation necrosis

Back 52

cell outlines

Front 53

this necrosis is seen when antigen/antibody complexes are deposited in vessel walls

Back 53

fibrinoid necrosis

Front 54

especially vulnerable organs to hyperoxia (>0.2 atm O2)are __

Back 54

lungs and eyes