Semester 3 Week 2

Front 1

blood agar

Back 1

1. charact: sheep blood, general purpose to isolate
2. differential-hemolysis pattern can aid in identification

Front 2

chocolate agar

Back 2

1. description: plate of blood that was heated to to lyse RBCs, providing extra nutrients.
2. Good to grow Haemophilus and Neisseria

Front 3

Thayer-Martin

Back 3

1. chocolate agar with antibiotics to select for N. gonorrhoeae

Front 4

Mannitol-salt agar

Back 4

1. High salt content
2. prevents all but S. aureus that grows, agar goes from pink to yellow

Front 5

MacConkey agar

Back 5

1. bile salts and crystal violet agar
2. selects for Gram (-).
3. inhibits Gram (+) and some Gram (-) like Hemophilus and Neisseria.
4. Lactose is the sole carb, if fermented, agar turns pink

Front 6

Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar

Back 6

1. similar to MacConkey, but with eosin and methylene blue dyes.
2. Lactose fermentors can show blue-black or have a metallic sheen

Front 7

Bile esculin agar

Back 7

1. bile salts
2. inhibit Gram (+) and most strep
3. selects for Group D Strep and Enterococcus. Seen by black precipitate

Front 8

Hektoen enteric (HE) agar

Back 8

1. Bile salts and indicator dyes
inhibits the growth of Gram (+).
isolation of enteric pathogens
fermentor of lactose, sucrose, or salin appear yellow,
bact that can produce H2S (ex: Salmonella) will form black precipitate

Front 9

Cetramide agar

Back 9

contain cetrimide, that acts as a detergent
inhibits most bact
selective and differential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa that show blue-green when positive

Front 10

Tellurite agar (cystine-tellurite agar)

Back 10

potassium tellurite
inhibits Gram (-) and most upper resp bact
selective and differential for Corynebacterium diphtheriae that appear grey/black with brown halo

Front 11

Chromogenic agar

Back 11

selective and differential for diff bact, designed for certain bact. These can be Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus, MRSA

Front 12

catalase test

Back 12

detects catalase that can convert H2O2 to water and O2. Rapid test, minutes

Front 13

coagulase

Back 13

detects coagulase enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. S. aureus and Y. pestis are positive. Rapid (overnight)

Front 14

Fermenation

Back 14

pH indicator detects fermentation of sugar in meduim

Front 15

Oxidase

Back 15

detects presence of cyctochrome oxidase, changes from clear to pink/purple

Front 16

Urease

Back 16

detects presence of urease that breaks down amides and turns a pH indictaor

Front 17

Thioglycollate

Back 17

thioglycollate removes oxygen, so a tube can have an O2 gradient, showing growth in relation to O2

Front 18

alpha hemolysis

Back 18

discoloration of agar, bact is making H2O2 that is oxidizing the Hb, changing the color

Front 19

beta hemolysis

Back 19

complete lysis of the RBCs

Front 20

gamma hemolysis

Back 20

no hemolysis, just growth on the plate

Front 21

Specimen label must include…

Back 21

Pt name, ID #, specimen source, ordering physician, date/hour collected

Front 22

Sterile body sites (normally)

Back 22

blood, marrow, CSF, serous fluids, tissues, lower resp tract, bladder

Front 23

non-sterile body sites (normally have commensal flora)

Back 23

mouth, nose, upper resp tract, skin, GI tract, female genital tract, urethra

Front 24

Western Blot is detecting this

Back 24

antibodies to the antigen

Front 25

When to use/avoid culture as a tech

Back 25

Use: easy to grow/identify the bact or fungi, to use antimicrobial susceptibility test
Avoid: does not grow, extremely infectious or dangerous

Front 26

When to use/avoid microscopy

Back 26

Use: when staining properities are useful and organism can be identified by morphology

Front 27

When to use antigen detection

Back 27

when antigen is in high amounts for detection, when rapid assay is useful

Front 28

When to use microbial nucleic acid test

Back 28

they are very sensitive/specific, when feasible/affordable. Good for viruses and other obligate intracellular organisms as well as tracking viral loads

Front 29

When to use serology tests

Back 29

organisms that are hard/dangerous to cultivate, tracking a pt's course of illness or immune status, but take a long time (a week or more), might not be positive in immunocompromised in pts, hard to interpret past exposure from current infection

Front 30

drug idiosyncrasy

Back 30

a genetically determined, abnormal reactivity to a drug

Front 31

Drug idiosyncrasy w/ chloramphenicol

Back 31

aplastic anemia

Front 32

Drug idiosyncraasy w/phenytoin, barbiturates, ethanol, estrogens

Back 32

porphyrias (acute intermittent, variegate)

Front 33

drug idiosyncrasy w/ isoniazid

Back 33

neurotoxicity

Front 34

drug idiosyncracy w/ general anesthetics

Back 34

malignant hyperthermia

Front 35

allergy type 1

Back 35

"Immediate rxns", mediated by IgE, 1st exposure provokes production of IgE on mast cells, 2nd exposure An/Ab binding is large release of inflammatory mediators.
Ex: anaphylaxis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, etc

Front 36

allergy type 2

Back 36

"antibody-dependent cytotoxicity". Mediated by IgG or IgM. Foreign components stick to self cell, invoking the immune response to kill it.
Ex: lupoid syndrome, some hemolytic anemia

Front 37

allergy type 3

Back 37

"immune complex-mediated rxn". Mediated by IgG or IgM. Excess An/Ab complexes not cleared my macrophages form deposits on blood vessel walls eliciting inflammation.
Ex: serum sickness, some forms of hepatitis, nephritis, arthritis

Front 38

allergy type 4

Back 38

"delayed or cell-mediated rxn". Sensitized T-cells react to antigen to produce edema and inflammation.
Ex: contact dermatitis, erythema multiforme

Front 39

pseudoalleric rxn

Back 39

allergic like rxn, but no circulating Ab can be found. Due to direct release of histamine or other mediators by a drug. Mimics true anaphylaxis, except that the rxn is dose dependent.

Front 40

Fetus stage: blastogenesis. Timeframe and effect on fetus by drugs

Back 40

0-16 days, either no effect or abortion

Front 41

Fetus stage: organogenesis. Timeframe and effect on fetus by drugs

Back 41

17-80 days, abortion/functional defects are low, malformations are high risk

Front 42

Fetus stage: Histogenesis and functional development. Timeframe and effect on fetus by drugs

Back 42

81 days to term, abortion/malformations low risk, metabolic or functional defects at med to high risk

Front 43

FDA Category A drug

Back 43

Well controlled studies show no apparent risk to humans

Front 44

FDA Category B drug

Back 44

Animal studies show no risk but no adequate studies in humans

Front 45

FDA Category C drug

Back 45

Animal studies do show risk but no adequate studies in humans

Front 46

FDA Category D drug

Back 46

There is a positive evidence of human risk, but benefits may warrant the risk. Therefore BAD for preg!!

Front 47

FDA Category X drug

Back 47

Positive data exist and risks outweigh benefits. Therefore BAD for preg!!

Front 48

Drugs proven or highly suspected to be carcinogenic (7 drugs)

Back 48

antineoplastics, estrogens, androgens, alcohol, phenacetin, phenytoin, chloramphenicol

Front 49

Drug misuse

Back 49

Any use of a drug for medical purposes but for the wrong indication,in the wrong dosage, for too long a period, etc.

Front 50

drug abuse

Back 50

Any use of a drug for non medical purposes (altering consciousness,body-building, etc.)

Front 51

drug dependence

Back 51

a state, psychic and sometimes physcial, resulting from an interaction between a living organism and a drug, charact by behav and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in oder to experience its psychic effects and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence. (WHO 1969)

Front 52

drug addiction

Back 52

The term has been used in so many ways that it can no longer beemployed without further qualification.

Front 53

side effect of a drug

Back 53

an unitnteded non-deleterious drug effect occurring after admin of doses normally used in humans and related to the pharm properties of the drug

Front 54

theraputic window of a drug

Back 54

the interval between the minium therapeutic conc and the minimum toxic conc of the drug

Front 55

therapeutic index

Back 55

several calculations, changing with confidence.
LD50/ED50
TD50/ED50,
TD1/ED99.
TD=toxic dose, ED=effective dose