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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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science
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process of trying to understand the world
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technology
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use of knowledge gained through scientific thinking and problem solving to make new products or tools
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Observation
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information gathered with the senses
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Inference
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conclusion drawn from an observation
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Hypothesis
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statement that can be tested
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Independent variable
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single factor in an experiment that the experimenter changes
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Dependent variable
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factor that will be measured in an experiment
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Constant
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factor that stays the same through all phases of an experiment
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Control
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standard used for comparison in an experiment
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Qualitative data
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information about the quality or appearance of what is being studied
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Quantitative data
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numerical information derived from an experiment
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Science
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process of trying to understand the world
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Technology
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use of knowledge gained through scientific thinking and problem solving to make new products or tools
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Theory
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Idea that is the best explanation of many observations and helps make new predictions
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Experimentation
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Series of steps that under controlled conditions, produces data that test a hypothesis or prediction
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Conclusion
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An explanation of the analysis of data from an experiment
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Analysis
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The process of interpreting data collected from
an experiment |
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X-Axis
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The horizontal axis on a graph
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Y-Axis
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The vertical axis on a graph
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Bar
Graph |
Graph that uses bars of different lengths to compare data
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Circle graph/Pie Graph
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A graph in the shape of a circle, where each slice indicates a percentage of the whole
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Line
Graph |
A type of graph used to show a change in a variable over time.
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Data
Table |
Table used to organize collected data from the results of experimentation
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Safety
Symbols |
Pictures used to show potential hazards in the lab
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Beaker
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A container, usually made of heat resistant glass, has a spout for pouring and marks for measurement
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Hot
Plate |
A heating device (similar to a stove) with a flat burner in order to heat compounds and mixtures
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MSDS
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Material Safety Data Sheet
‒ a report on every chemical which tells you the important information regarding the specific chemical including hazards, disposal, etc |
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Safety
Goggles |
Safety equipment worn to protect the eyes from
splashes and flying objects |
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Fire
Extinguisher |
Emergency device used to spray water or chemical
on a fire in order to put it out |
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Graduated
Cylinder |
Glass container with markings, used to measure the volume of liquids
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Thermometer
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Device used to measure temperature
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Eyewash
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Safety device used to flush the eyes with water in case of accidental chemical contact
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Test tube
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Long, narrow round glass container, sealed
at one end, used in laboratories |
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Waft
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To fan fumes from a chemical toward the face
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Fire
Blanket |
Used to smother small fires on surfaces or to wrap a person who is on fire
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displacement
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measures the distance and direction from
the starting point |
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speed
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distance divided by time
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force
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a push or pull that causes an object to accelerate
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equilibrium
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when a system becomes stable or balanced
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friction
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the force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact with each other.
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motion
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the change in position
of an object |
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Balanced forces
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forces that are equal but opposite in direction; when they act on an object, they cancel each other out and no change occurs in the object's motion
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Unbalanced forces
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describes unequal forces acting on an object; results in a change in the object's motion in the direction of the larger force
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velocity
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speed and direction of a moving object
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mass
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amount of matter in something; measured in grams
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acceleration
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change in velocity over time; always produced by a force;
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inertia
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an object’s tendency to resist a change in motion
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weight
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A measure of the force of gravity on an object; Weight =
mass X acceleration to gravity |
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gravity
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force of attraction between any two objects
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Potential energy
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Stored energy an object has because of its position or shape
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Kinetic energy
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energy an object or particle has because it is moving
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work
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Occurs when a force is used to move an object through a distance
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Law of Conservation of energy
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Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it just changes form
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proton
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Positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
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Particle with no charge located in the nucleus of an atom
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electron
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Negatively charged particle found outside the
nucleus of an atom |
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atom
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Smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still have the properties of that element
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nucleus
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Center of an atom where protons and neutrons can be found; the majority of the mass of an atom is found in the nucleus
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electron cloud
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Region around the nucleus where electrons may be found
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Valence electron
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Electrons in the outermost energy level
of an atom; in large part determines an element’s chemical properties |
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Atomic number
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Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of an element
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Atomic mass
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Average mass of one atom of an element
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Mass number
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The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Energy level
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In an atom, specific areas at definite distances around the nucleus; each energy level can hold a specific number of electrons
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Subatomic particle
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Smaller parts of the atoms; protons, neutrons, electrons
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Amu (atomic mass unit)
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Unit used to measure atoms
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Periodic table
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an organization of the elements based upon their physical and chemical properties
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period
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a row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably
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Group
(family) |
family of elements in the periodic table with similar physical or chemical properties
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halogen
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Group of elements in the periodic table that are highly reactive nonmetals; Group 17
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Noble gases
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Group of elements in the periodic table that generally do not react with other elements, and which are all gases; Group 18
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metal
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elements that have luster, are malleable and ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity
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nonmetal
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elements that are usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature and are poor conductors of heat and electricity
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metalloid
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elements that share some properties of metals and nonmetals
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Valence electrons
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electrons in outer energy level of an atom; determines an element’s chemical and physical properties
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Alkali metals
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Silvery solid metals that increase in reactivity as you move from top to bottom; Group 1
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Alkaline Earth metals
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Name of metals found in Group 2
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Chemical formula
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A way of describing the number of atoms that make up one molecule of a compound
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subscript
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Lower number to the right of an element or polyatomic ion that indicates how many atoms of the element are present
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Chemical reaction
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A process that produces a chemical change
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Coefficient
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In a chemical equation, the number placed in front of a chemical formula to balance the equation
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Law of Conservation of mass
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States that matter can neither be created or destroyed, it can only change form
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Chemical equation
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A way of writing changes in the arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction, using chemical symbols
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Reactant
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Compound or element that changes during a chemical reaction
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product
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Compound or element that is the result of a
chemical reaction |
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topographic map
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map that shows the shape and elevation of the land surface using contour lines, and shows other land features by using colors and symbols
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weathering
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breaking down of rock by water, wind, or ice
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erosion
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Movement of weathered rock (sediment) by
wind, water, ice, or gravity |
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Deposition
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Process by which wind, water, and gravity leave eroded sediments in new locations
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Contour lines
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On a map, line that connects points of equal elevation above sea level
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continental drift
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theory that the continents were once connected in a single landmass that broke apart, and moved to their current positions
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Alfred
Wegener |
German scientist who in 1912 proposed the theory of continental drift
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Harry
Hess |
Scientist responsible for the early 1960s theory of seafloor spreading
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Mesosaurus
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Freshwater, swimming reptile whose fossils were found on continents separated by oceans
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Glosopteris
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Fossil plant that grew in temperate climates
found in areas including, Africa, Australia, India, South America, and Antarctica |
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seafloor spreading
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new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward at a
mid-ocean ridge |
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Pangaea
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large, ancient landmass that was composed of all
the continents joined together |
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Glomar
Challenger |
research ship that gathered information about the rocks on the seafloor, adding to the evidence for seafloor spreading
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mid-ocean ridge
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formed at a divergent boundary; where two plates separate, lava fills the void causing new crust to be produced
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plate tectonics
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theory that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plastic-like layer on the mantle
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lithosphere
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rigid layer of Earth about 100km thick; made of the crust and a part of the upper mantle
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asthenosphere
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plastic-like layer on which the lithospheric plates float and move around
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divergent boundary
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where two plates
move apart |
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rift valley
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valley that forms on land where two plates are moving apart
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convergent boundary
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where two plates move together
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subduction zone
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formed at a convergent boundary and one plate is driven down into the mantle
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trench
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formed at a subduction zone where an oceanic crust is pushed below a continental crust
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volcano
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cone-shaped hill formed when hot magma, solids,
and gases erupt on Earth’s surface |
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transform boundary
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where two plates slide
past each other |
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fault
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fracture that occurs when rocks change their shape
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convection current
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current in Earth’s mantle that transfers heat in Earth’s interior and is the driving force for plate tectonics
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earthquake
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movement of the ground that occurs when rocks inside the Earth pass their elastic limit, break suddenly, and experience elastic rebound
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fault-block mountains
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mountains formed when tension forces cause large blocks of crust to break and tilt or slide down the broken surfaces of crust
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convection
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transfer of heat energy by the flow of materials
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conduction
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transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into each other
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radiation
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energy transferred by waves or rays
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sea breeze
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movement of air from sea to land during the day when cooler air from above the water moves over the land, forcing the heated, less dense air above the land to rise.
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land breeze
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movement of air from land to sea at night; created when cooler, denser air from the land forces up warmer air over the sea.
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air mass
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large body of air that has the same characteristics of temperature and moisture
content as the part of Earth’s surface over which it formed. |
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air pressure
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a measure of the weight of the atmosphere per unit of area on Earth’s surface
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front
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boundary between two air masses with different temperatures, density,
or moisture; can be cold, warm, stationary, and occluded |
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cold front
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leading edge of a cold air mass that is pushing a warm air mass
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warm front
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leading edge of a warm air mass moving in to replace a cold air mass
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stationary front
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boundary between two air masses where the masses are not moving
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occluded front
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formed in the atmosphere when a cold front overtakes a warm front, capturing the
warm air mass between the two cold air masses |
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anemometer
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instrument used to measure wind speed
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barometer
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instrument used to measure air pressure
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psychrometer
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instrument used to measure relative humidity
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polar easterlies
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in the polar regions, cold, dense air sinks and moves away from the poles. Earth’s rotation deflects this wind from east to west.
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prevailing westerlies
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a mid- latitude (30° N and S) global wind; Earth’s rotation deflects air from west to east as air moves toward the polar regions
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trade winds
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global wind that blows nearly all the time in tropical areas
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doldrums
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low air pressure band near the equator where there is little wind
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hurricane
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a large, severe storm that forms over tropical oceans, has winds of at least 120 km/h, and loses power when it reaches land
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weather
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conditions in the atmosphere at a specific time and place; determined by air pressure, humidity, temperature and wind
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wind
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movement of air caused by differences in air pressure
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humidity
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the amount of water vapor present in the air
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relative humidity
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measure of the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature
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