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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Instincts |
Unlearned, inherited response characteristics. |
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Unconditioned response |
Unlearned simple reflex behaviors, such as salivation in the presence of food. |
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Conditioned response |
A learned response to a stimulus |
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Classical conditioning |
Association of stimuli that occur at the same time or the same area |
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Operant conditioning |
Association of a behavior or activity with a punishment or reward |
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Classical ethology |
A behavioral theory which asserts that much of what animals know is innate or inherited |
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Behaviorism |
The theory that behavior is learned rather than inherited |
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Critical socialization period |
The time when animals are most sensitive and receptive to new stimuli 4-14 weeks in puppies 2-8 weeks in kittens |
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Conflict-related aggression |
Aggression used to avoid a conflict. This is often a response to punishment based training. |
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Persistent noise making (birds) |
A behavior in birds which is typically a sign of fear or distress. Often caused by excess noise in the environment. |
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Command-response-reward |
A training style where you give a command and reward every time a desired behavior is performed. |
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Extinction (of a behavior) |
Training method of removing any reinforcement or reward for a behavior |
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Aversion therapy |
Training which associates an object or location with a negative stimulus |
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Avoidance therapy |
Training which associates a behavior with a negative stimulus. |
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Counterconditioning |
Training to replace an undesired or negative response to a stimulus with a positive one. |
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Signalment |
Basic patient description including breed, gender, age, and reproductive status. |
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Normal canine temperature |
99.5 to 102.5 |
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Normal canine HR |
Young: 110-120 Adult: 60-120 |
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Normal canine RR |
Young: 20-25 Adult: 14-16 |
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Normal feline temps |
100.5 to 102.5 |
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Normal feline HR |
Young: 130-140 Adult: 100-120 |
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Normal feline RR |
Young: 20-30 Adult: 20-40 |
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Normal equine temps |
99-101 |
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Normal equine HR |
Young: 60-80 Adult: 30-50 |
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Normal equine RR |
Young: 14-15 Adult: 9-10 |
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Normal bovine temps |
100-102 |
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Normal bovine HR |
Young: 100-150 Adult: 40-60 |
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Normal bovine RR |
Young: 30-60 Adult: 12-16 |
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Normal ovine temps |
101-104 |
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Normal ovine HR |
Young: 80-120 Adult: 70-80 |
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Normal ovine RR |
Young: 15-20 Adult: 15-40 |
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cranial |
toward the head |
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caudal |
toward the tail |
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rostral |
toward the tip of the nose |
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dorsal |
toward the back (toward the top surface of a standing 4-legged animal) |
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ventral |
toward the belly (toward the bottom surface of a standing 4-legged animal) |
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lateral |
away from the medial plane |
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proximal |
toward the body |
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distal |
away from the body |
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dorsal body cavity |
cavity which contains the brain and spinal cord |
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ventral body cavity |
cavity which contains most of the soft organs |
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tissues |
specialized cells grouped together |
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plantar |
the surface that touches the ground on a rear limb |
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palmar |
the surface that touches the ground on a forelimb |
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orad |
movement w/i the GI system toward the mouth |
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aborad |
movement w/i the GI system away from the mouth |
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functional group |
unique, specific groups of atoms w/i molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules . |
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carbohydrates |
molecules consisting of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
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integral proteins |
proteins that occue w/i the lipid bilayer and span the membrane |
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glycocalyx |
outer covering of a cell that aids in cell adhesion and allows the cell to be identified by others. Composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids. |
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cell adhesion molecules |
sticky glycoproteins on the surface of most animal cells which play important roles in adhesion, movement, and signalling. |
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membrane receptors |
proteins that act as binding sites on the cell surface and play important roles in contact signaling and chemical signalling. |
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rough endoplasmic reticulum |
organelles w/ ribosome which produces, modifies, and packages secretary proteins. |
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
organelles (w/o robosomes) which produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbohydrates. |
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ribosomes |
site of protein synthesis in the cell, can be fixed or free. |
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proteasomes |
small hollow cylinders which break down individual abnormal or misfolded protein molecules |
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golgi apparatus |
organelle which refines and alters molecules intenteded for both secretion and internal use. Also produces lysosomes. |
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lysosomes |
vesicles filled w/ hydrolytic enzymes which digest absorbed material and cellular waste. |
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peroxisomes |
membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes. Detoxify molecules such as alcohol and formaldehyde and remove free radicals. |
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metabolic water |
also called water of oxidation, the small amount of water produced by cellular respiration. |
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insensible water loss |
water that is lost through respiration and passive vaporization from the skin. |
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interstitial fluid |
extracellular fluid found outside vessels. |
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osmolality |
measurement of solute concentration in fluid. |
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Equation for estimating fluid deficit from dehydration |
body weight (kg) x % dehydration x 1000 = fluid deficit in mLs |
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growth one (G1) phase |
portion of cell life-cycle characterized by growth and intense metabolic activity |
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synthetic (S) phase |
portion of cell life-cycle marked by DNA replication |
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growth two (G2) phase |
brief portion of cell life-cycle where the cell synthesizes enzymes and proteins necessary for cell division |
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prophase |
first phase of mitosis. Chromatin becomes visible and forms chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. Centrioles divide, replicate, and move to opposite ends of the cell. |
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metaphase |
second stage of mitosis. Newly formed chromosomes line up on medial plane of cell. |
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anaphase |
third stage of mitosis. Daughter chromosomes begin to migrate away form the metaphase plate, toward their respective centrioles. |
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telophase |
fourth stage of mitosis. Daughter chromosomes unravel back to being long-fiber chromatids. Nuclear envelope reappears. Followed closely by cytokinesis. |
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point mutation |
mutation in which one nitrogen base is substituted for another. |
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nonsense mutation |
mutation in which a codon for an amino acid changes into a stop codon. |
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frameshift mutation |
mutation in which nucleotide bases are added or deleted causing a change in the entire sequence. |
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glandular epithelia |
epithelia that engage in the manufacture and release of substances |
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apical surface |
the side of the cell that faces the lumen or body cavity |
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basal surface |
the side of the cell that faces the underlying connective tissue |
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endocrine glands |
glands that do not have ducts and instead secrete hormones into the blood or lymphatic system. |
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exocrine glands |
glands which have ducts and secrete chemicals to be used locally. |
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merocrine gland |
a gland whose secretions contain none of its cells, leaving the gland cell intact |
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apocrine gland |
a gland whose secretions contain some of its cellular material (eg mammary) |
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holocrine gland |
a gland whose secretions contain the cells themselves. (eg sebaceous) |
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dermal papillae |
upward projections of the dermis which interdigitate with downward projections of the epidermis. |
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What cells make up the dermis? |
dense fibro-elastic connective tissue |
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What cells make up the epidermis? |
keratinized stratified squamous epithelia |
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hypodermis |
Also called SQ layer, found delow the dermis and primarily comprised of adipose tissue. |
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keratinocytes |
Cells that synthesize keratin. They lose their nuclei and organelles to makeroom for more karat in and die by the time they reach the surface of the skin. |
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melanocytes |
cells that produce melanin and release it into intracellular space to be absorbed by keratinocytes. |
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Langerhans cell |
A macrophage specific to the epidermis. Eats micro invaders and plays a role in stimulating other aspects of the immune system. |
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Merkel cells |
cells found in small numbers within the epidermal-dermal junction. Thought to aid in tactile sensory function. |
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stratum basale |
AKA stratum germinatium. Consists mainly of a single row of keratinocytes. Merkel cells and melanocytes also found here. |
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stratum spinosum |
Named for its spiny appearance when samples are prepared for study. Contains several layers of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes. Also contains Langerhans cells. Cell division is slowed in this layer. |
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stratum granulosum |
Composed of two to four layers of flattened keratinocytes, Cells begin to fill with keratohyaline and organelles degenerate. Glycolipids are discharged into extracellular space. |
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stratum luciderm |
"clear layer" found only in very thick skin. Keratin fibrils found form here. |
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stratum corneum |
20-30 rows of paper-thin keratinocytes. Top layer of the epidermis and the greatest layer by total thckness. |
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papillary layer |
lies just beneath the epidermis. Dermal papillae help cement the epidermis and looping blood vessels provide nourishment to the epidermal basal layer. Nerve receptors for pain, touch, and temperature occur in this layer. |
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reticular layer |
80% of the dermis, this layer is made up of dense irregular connective tissue. |
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cutaneous pouches |
infoldings of the skin found in sheep which contain fine hairs and numerous sebaceous glands. They secrete a fatty yellow substance. |
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Uropygial gland |
"Preen gland" present in most birds and located at the upper base of the tail, this gland produced an oily, fatty substance. |
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remiges |
flight feathers in the wing |
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retrices |
flight feathers in the tail |
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auriculars |
small contour feathers which are found around the opening of the ear and improve hearing |
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pterylae |
tracts along a bird's body where feathers grow |
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osteoderms |
bony plates within the skin of some reptiles which provide protection |
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ecdysis |
shedding of the skin of reptiles |
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calcitonin |
a hormone from the thyroid gland which helps prevent hypercalcemia. |
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parathyroid hormone |
a hormone which helps prevent hypocalcemia. |
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cancellous bone |
"spongy" lightweight bone made up of tiny spicules of bone with space in between occupied by bone marrow. |
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compact bone |
heavy, dense bone which makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones |
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osteoblasts |
the cells which secrete the matric of bone and then supply the minerals to harden it. |
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osterocytes |
What osteoblasts are called once they become trapped in the ossified matric they created. |
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osteoclasts |
large multinuclear cells which absorb bone and reshape and remodel damaged bone. |
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epiphyseal plates |
the growth plates of long bones, where long bones lengthen to allow for growth of the animal. |
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red bone marrow |
a blood cell forming type of bone marrow |
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yellow bone marrow |
Most common type of marow in adults, consists mainly of adipose tissues but can revert to red bone marrow if needed. |
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foramen |
a hole in a bone, usually for something important to pass through like a nerve or blood supply. |
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fossa |
a depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone, usually occupied by muscles or tendons. |
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fibrous joint |
immovable joins where bones are firmly joined with fibrous tissue |
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cartilaginous joint |
joints capable of slight rocking, such as intervertebral joints. |
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synovial joints |
freely movable joints |
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epimysium |
the fibrous connective sheath which surrounds a group of muscle cells |
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sarcoplasmic reticulum |
a storage organelle for calcium ions, found in muscle cells |
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creatine phosphate |
the "battery charger" which converts ADP to ATP. |
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glial cells |
also called neuroglia, structurally and functionally support neurons. |
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dendrite |
afferent cell process which receives stimuli and conducts them to the cell body of a neuron |
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axon |
efferent cell process which carries a stimulus or impulse away from the cell body towards another cell |
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myelin |
fatty substance which cobers some axons. Appears white when fixed for examination. |
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afferent nerve fibers |
conducts nerve impulses away toward the CNS, away from the body. |
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efferent nerve fibers |
also called motor nerve fibers, carry nerve impulses from CNS to muscles and organs. |
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sodium-potassium pump |
active transport molecule that moves sodium out of the neuron and potassium into the neuron to maintain a resting state. |
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depolarization |
a reduction in voltage across a neuron by opening of sodium channels leading to a sudden influx of sodium. |
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repolarization |
potassium channel open, allowing positively charged potassium ions to leave the neuron, reducing the positive charge in the cell. |
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threshold stimulus |
a stimulus of sufficient intensity to generate a nerve impulse. |
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general senses |
senses that are distributed throughout the body. Touch, temp, pain, proprioception, and visceral sensations. |
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nocioceptors |
pain receptors |
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special senses |
senses which are localised to specific, often complex, sensory structures or organs. Taste, smell, hearing, vision, and equilibrium |
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external ear |
acts as a dunnel to collect sound vibrations and direct them to the ear drum. |
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middle ear |
amplifies and transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. |
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inner ear |
converts mechanical sound vibrations to nerve impulses. Also has receptors for the sense of equilibrium |
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limbus |
the junction of the sclera and the cornea |
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columella |
the single bone which transmits sound to the inner ear of birds and reptiles. (as opposed to the three bones in mammals) |
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The 4 types of stimuli to which sensory receptors in the body respond: |
mechanical, thermal, chemical, electromagnetic |
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auditory ossicles |
The bones of the middle ear. Mammals have three, birds and reptiles have one. |
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malleus |
(hammer) the outermost of the auditory ossivles |
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incus |
(anvil) the middle of the three auditory ossicles |
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stapes |
(stirrups) the innermost of the auditory ossicles. |
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peptide hormones |
hormones consisting of amino acids. They are hydrophillic. |
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steroid hormones |
lipid hormones synthesized from cholesterol. They are hydrophobic and must bind to transport proteins to travel in blood plasma. |
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monoamine hormones |
hormones derived from amino acids which retain an amino group. |
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Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (7) |
Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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growth hormone |
anterior pituitary hormone that promotes growth in young animals and helps regulate metabolism at all ages. |
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prolactin |
anterior pituitary hormone which helps trigger and maintain lactation. |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
anterior pituitary hormone which stimulates grouth and development of the thyroid gland and causes it to produce its hormones. |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary which activates the cortex of the adrenal gland. The adrenal cortex then released its hormones. |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone |
anterior pituitary hormone that stimulated the frowth and development of follicles in the ovaries. In the testes, it stimulates spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. |
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Luteinizing hormone |
anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation in most species and then causes the empty Follicle to develop into the corpus luteum. |
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gonadotropins |
another name for FSH and LH considered together, so called because they stimulate growth and development of the gonads. |
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
anterior pituitary hormone associated with pigment changes in reptiles, fish and amphibians. At normal physiologic levels it has no known effect in mammals. |
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antidiuretic hormone |
hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary which helps prevent diuresis. |
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oxytocin |
hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary which plays and roll in breeding, lactation, and bonding. |
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thyroid hormones |
hormones produced in the thyroid which habe effects on temperature regulation, metabolism, and growth and development. |
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glucocorticoid hormones |
a group of steroids produced in the adrenal cortec which have a hyperglycemic effect, help maintain blood pressure, and help the body resist the effects of stress. cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone |
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mineralocorticoid hormones |
hormones products in the adrenal cortex which regulate electrolyte levels. |
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adrenal medula |
inner portion of the Arenal glands which is the site of epinephrine and norepinephrine production. |
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pancreas |
long, flat, abdominal organ which has enodrine and exocrine funtions. |
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pancreatic islets |
(Islets of Langerhans) clumps of cells in the pancreas which perform endocrine functions. |
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insulin |
hormones produced by beta cells in the pancreatic islets which lowers blood sugar by causing glucose to be absorbed into body cells and used for energy. |
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glucagon |
hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreatic islets which raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and by encouraging the break-down of fat and proteins into glucose. |
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erthrypoietin |
hormone produced in the kidneys which stimulates production of red blood cells. |
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gastrin |
hormone produced in the stomach wall which stimulates HCl acid production and contractions of the muscles in the stomach. |
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secretin |
hormone produced in the small intestin which stimulates the pancreas to release sodium bicarb to neutralize acidic partially digested material from the stomach |
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cholecystokinin |
hormone produced in the small intestine which stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and of bile from the gallbladder |
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What physiologic state of blood acts as the stimulus for erythropoiesis? |
Hypoxia (low blood oxygen level) |
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Compare and contrast hematocrit and PCV |
-Both measure red blood celss as a percent of sample volume. - PCV measured by packing cells to squeeze out plasma. Less accurate. - Hematocrit measured by machine count o fRBC per specific volume of the sample. More accurate. |
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mean corpuscular volume |
MCV measures the average volume or size of the individual RBCs. |
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
MCHC measures the ration of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the RBCs |
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red cell distribution width |
RDW is a numerical expression of variation in RBC size. Wide variation indicates larger, immature RBCs present in the sample. |
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Reticulocyte Count |
RETIC is a count of the number of immature RBCs per a specific total number of RBCs. |
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Total Leukocyte Count |
WBC count expressed the total number of WBCs in a specific volume of a sample and also counts the number of each type of WBC. High levels of neutrophils can indicate infection but may also be a normal finding in a stressed animal. |
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Platelet Count |
PLT measures the total number of throbocytes in a specific volume of a sample. |
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Total Plasma Protein |
TP measures the amount of protein in the plasma portion of a specific volume of blood. Can be measured by an analyzer or with a hand-held refractometer. |
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IgM |
-Temporary immunoglobulin, present only in the first two/three weeks of infection. -Largest antibody -First immunoglobulin found in newborns |
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IgG |
-Smallest and most common antibody -Production relatively slow, elevated levels point to chronic infection -Capable of crossing the placenta |
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IgA |
-Immunoglobulin which protects body surfaces and mucosa -Stimulated in intranasal vaccination |
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IgE |
-Immunoglobulin which binds to allergens -Triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils |
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IgD |
Immunoglobulin which stimulates basophils, exact mechanism unknown. |
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Antigen presenting cells |
phagocytize antigens, destroy them, and present peptide fragments on the cell surface. Include phagocytes, macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. |
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B lymphocyte |
Type of lymphocyte which produces antibodies and is responsible for humoral immunity. |
