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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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active site |
A region on an enzyme that a substrate binds to during a reaction |
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hypertonic |
Less dissolved solute in the concentration outside of the cell; More water in the cell than in the surrounding solution - Cell shrinks - Water diffuses outside of the cell |
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aerobic |
Processes that require O2 to run - Occurs only in eukaryotes |
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hypotonic |
Lower amount of dissolved solute in water outside of the cell; Water concentration higher outside of the cell - Water diffuses into the cell - Cell grows |
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anaerobic |
Processes that do NOT require O2 to run - Occurs in eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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asexual reproduction |
A type of reproduction similar to mitosis; - Produces genetically unique offspring - requires one parent - Different types: Binary fission, fragmentation, and budding |
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inner membrane space |
The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria |
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autosomes |
Chromosomes containing genes not directly related to sex (height, eye color, etc) |
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carbohydrates |
One of the four types of carbon-based molecules. Functions - Source of Energy - Found in cell walls of plants Polymer: Polysaccharides Monomer: Monosaccharide Components: C, O, H Examples: grains, starches, glucose, sucrose |
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isotonic |
Same amount of solute inside and outside a cell - Water moves at equal rates - Cells remains the same size |
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karyotype |
A picture of one's chromosomes |
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catalyst |
A substance that: - Lower activation energy - Increase reaction rate (In living organisms) |
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Kreb's cycle |
The second step of Aerobic CR; takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Consumes: 2 pyruvates, ATP Produces: 6CO2, 2NADH, 2FADH, ATP |
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centromere |
The point on a chromosomes where sister chromatids connect and where spindle fibers attach |
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light-dependent reactions |
The first step of photosynthesis, takes place in the thylakoid; Process: Sunlight and H2O move across the thylakoid membrane, causing pigments to lose H+ and H- ions, used to start an ETC Consumes: Sunlight, H2O Produces: ATP, 6O2, NADEH |
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lipids |
One of the four carbon-based molecules; Function - Source of energy - Makes up cell membranes - Found in hormones Components: C, O, H Consist of: Glycerol head, fatty acid tails Examples: monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids |
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concentration gradient |
The difference in concentration of a substance from one location to another |
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matrix |
Control center of the mitochondria |
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consumers (heterotrophs) |
Consumers of chemical energy in an ecosystem; organisms that produce energy by consuming other organisms |
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meiosis |
Division of gametes, producing 4 unique (haploid) daughter cells |
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cytoplasm |
A jellylike substance in a cell containing dissolving molecular components |
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diploid |
Cells that contain 2 sets of homologous chromosomes |
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mitosis |
Division of somatic cells producing 2 identical (diploid) daughter cells |
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electron transport chain (ETC) |
Final step in aerobic CR, takes place in the mitochondria's inner membrane and membrane space; Consumes: NADH/FADH (the hydrogen ions; H+ and H-), 6O2, ADP Produces: net 36 ATP |
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nucleic acid |
One of the four types of carbon-based molecules; Functions - Make up DNA - Make up RNA - Genetic material - Molecule of heredity Polymer: Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide Components: C, O, H, N, P Monomers consist of: Phosphate, Sugar (DNA Dieoxy Ribose; RNA Ribose), Nucleic Base Examples: DNA & RNA |
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enzyme |
Proteins that help reactions proceed in three ways: 1.) lower activation energy 2.) increase reaction rate 3.) make substrates (reactants) more likely to react |
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organelles |
"mini-organs"; structures specialized to perform distinct properties |
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facilitated diffusion |
Diffusion of molecules through a transport protein embedded in a cell membrane |
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fermentation |
A process that recycles the pyruvate made by glycolysis, allowing glycolysis to continue; occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes when they can't get enough oxygen or can't produce enough ATP through aerobic CR - Alcoholic = alcohol and CO2 is produced (fungi, yeast, etc) - Lactic Acid = lactic acid is produced (animals) |
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osmosis |
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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fertilization |
Union of sperm and egg |
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outer membrane |
Plasma membrane; thin covering that separates the living cell from non-living environment |
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phospholipid bilayer |
A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules; Semipermeable |
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fluid mosaic model |
Description applied to cell membrane; - Membrane is flexible, not rigid - Membrane is embedded with variety of proteins and other molecules |
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producers (autotrophs) |
Main source of chemical energy in an ecosystem; Organisms that produce their own energy |
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gametes |
Sex cells - Sperm - Egg |
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products |
Molecules that are produced by a reaction |
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gametogenesis |
Process of formation of the male and female gametes |
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proteins |
One of the four types of carbon-based molecules; Function - Muscles - Hair - Movement - Digestion - Structure - Enzymes (Chemical reactions) Polymer: Polypeptides Monomer: Amino Acid Components: C, O, H, N Consist of: Amino group, Hydrogen, Carbonyl group, Side chain |
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glycolysis |
First step of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic), takes place in cytoplasm; Consumes: C6H12O6, ATP Produces: 2Pyruvates, 2NAHD, ATP |
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reactants |
Molecules that are changed in a reaction |
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grana |
Stacks of coin-shaped membrane-enclosed compartments called thylakoids |
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haploid |
Cells containing one set of unpaired chromosomes |
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sex chromosomes |
Chromosomes that contain characteristics, directly related to sex |
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homeostasis |
Regulation of internal environments |
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sexual reproduction |
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types |
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homologous chromosomes |
Chromosomes with similar length, size, and banding |
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simple diffusion |
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until an equilibrium is reached |
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sister chromatids |
Two identical copies of chromatids formed by replication of a single chromosomes |
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substrate |
A substance on which an enzyme acts; (fancy term for reactant) |
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system |
A group of organs/organelles working together to maintain homeostasis |
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thylakoid |
Coin-shaped organelles in chloroplasts; Light-dependent reactions occur here |
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somatic cells |
Diploid body cells |
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zygote |
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes |
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stroma |
suspended fluid in chloroplasts; Calvin Cycle occurs here |
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adaptation |
An inherent trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in their environment |
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population |
A local group of organisms of the same species at the same time |
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natural selection |
The environment making certain traits more desirable which leads some species to be more likely to survive and reproduced |
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Evolution |
A change in an organism's DNA over time - Accounts for Biodiversity |
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Biosphere |
- Largest level of organization in study - Includes all living things that inhabit the earth - Land, water, atmosphere, and even one's body |
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Biodiversity |
Variety of Life across the Earth's biosphere |
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Ecosystem |
Local, geographical area consisting of living things and nonliving environmental components |
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Qualitative Data |
Description of qualities of phenomena; reports what happens - Sights (color, shape, texture) - Sounds - Smells |
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Quantitative Data |
Description of measurable phenomena; reports how something happens - Mass - Volume - Temperature |
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Independent Variable |
Condition/variable that is manipulated or changed by scientists |
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Dependent Variable |
Condition/variable that is observed and measured during an experiment |
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Constants |
The conditions that do not change during an experiment |
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Experimental group |
An experiment carried out with the i.v. manipulated |
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Control group |
An Experiment carried out without an i.v. |
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Theory |
A repeatedly tested hypothesis that has been confirmed and/or accepted by multiple groups of researchers - Supported by large amounts of data - Subject to change as new experiments and observations take place |
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Law |
A truth that is valid everywhere in the universe |
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
- Scans surface of specimen with beam of electrons (3D) - Specimen coated with thin layer of metal (silver, nickel, etc) - Useful for forensic science |
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
- Transmits electrons through thin slice of specimen - Similar to LM (2D), but much higher magnification |
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X-rays |
Electromagnetic waves useful for seeing bone; not useful for soft tissue (Ligaments, cartilage, brain matter) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
Strong magnetic fields coupled with radio waves to produce cross-sectional images; useful for viewing tissues |
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Functional MRI (fMRI) |
Neuroimaging that allows view of active brain |
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Matter |
Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Atoms |
Smallest basic unit of matter |
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Isotopes |
Atoms with the same number of protons, but differing number of neutrons |
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Elements |
Substances made only of one type of atom; cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
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Compounds |
A substance made of atoms of differing elements bonded together in certain ratio |
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Ion |
An atom that has gained one or more electrons |
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Ionic bond |
A chemical bond when one atom transfers an electron to another atom that needs an electron - Creates polar molecules |
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Covalent bond |
A chemical bond where atoms share a pair of electrons |
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Molecule |
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds (H2O, CO2, etc) |
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Hydrogen bond |
A weak attraction that holds slightly "+" hydrogen atom and a slightly "-" atom |
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Water's Life Supporting Properties |
1.) Temperature moderation 2.) Cohesion and Adhesion 3.) Dissolves 4.) Acids/Bases 5.) Ice Floats |
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Temperature moderation |
- High specific heat - Regulates cell temperatures during reactions |
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Cohesion |
Tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another |
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Adhesion |
type of attraction that occurs between molecules of different substances |
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Solution |
A mixture of substances that is the same throughout |
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Solvent |
Substance that is present in the greatest amount (in a solution) |
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Solute |
Substance that dissolves in a solvent |
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Concentration |
Amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent of a solution |
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Acid |
Compound that donates protons (H+ ions) in water |
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Base |
Compound that removes protons (H+ ions) in water |
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pH |
a measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution |
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Chemical reactions |
The reordering of molecules |
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Exothermic |
A type of reaction that releases energy |
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Endothermic |
A type of reaction that absorbs energy |
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Lock and Key Theory |
Enzyme's active site is specific for only one substrate. The substrate must fit perfectly in the enzyme for the reaction to proceed |
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Induced Fit Theory |
The enzyme's active site can change shape slightly to accommodate the substrate |
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Cell Theory |
One of the first unifying concepts of Biology 1.) All organisms are made of cells 2.) All existing cells are produced from other living cells 3.) The cell is the most basic unit of life |
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Cell wall |
(Plant cells only); Cellulose barrier outside of plasma membrane |
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Nucleus (Nuclei) |
Organelle which houses DNA in a cell |
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Eukaryotic Cells |
- Single or multi-cellular organisms - True nucleus DNA enclosed in membrane - Has membrane bound organelles |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
- Microscopic single-celled organisms - No nucleus; DNA suspended in cytoplasm - No membrane-bound organelles |
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Cell Membrane Job |
1.) Form boundary of a cell 2.) Form partitions within a cell 3.) Regulate passage of things inside and outside a cell |
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Receptor |
A protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response; 2 types, Intracellular and Membrane |
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Passive transport |
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell |
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Active transport |
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane with energy input from the cell |
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Endocytosis |
Process of taking liquids or large amounts of molecules into a cell by engulfing them in the membrane |
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Phagocytosis |
"Cell Eating"; Type of endocytosis in which cell membrane engulfs large particles |
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Exocytosis |
Release of a substance out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane |
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Saturated |
Holds the greatest amount of Hydrogen bonds; no double or triple carbon bonds |
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Unsaturated |
Contains double and triple carbon bonds |
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Cellular Respiration |
The conversion of carbon-based molecules into energy (ATP) |
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Photosynthesis |
The process of capturing energy from the visible light spectrum, and making it into sugars that store potential (chemical) energy |
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Wavelength |
Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next |
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Chlorophyll |
The molecule (pigment) in chloroplasts that absorb some of the energy in the visible light spectrum |
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Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions) |
The second step of photosynthesis, takes place in stroma; Process: NADEH carry H+ and H- ions into stroma to start an ETC, CO2 goes into the ETC Consumes: CO2, NADEH, ATP Produces: C6H12O6 |
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Chlorophyll |
Green pigment |
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Carotenoids |
Orange pigment; (Carrots) |
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Xanthophylls |
Yellow pigments |
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Anthocyanidins |
Red/Purple pigments |
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Cell Cycle |
Regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division (occurs in all eukaryotic cells) 2 Stages - Interphase - Mitotic Phase |
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Interphase |
Cell spends 90% of its life in this stage; consists of 3 parts; G1 - Cell grows and duplicates its organelles S - Cell duplicates its genetic material G2 - Cell makes sure its duplicated everything and checks for errors |
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Mitotic Phase |
Second stage of the Cell Cycle; consists of 2 processes; - Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) - Cytokinesis (Division of the cytoplasm) |
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Polar Bodies |
smaller haploid cells produced by females in meiosis |
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genetic linkage |
tendency for genes in close proximity to be inheirited together |
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crossing over |
chromosomes swaping genetic information |
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variation |
Differing combinations of genes from two parents; creates different genetic combinations in a population |
