Sem 4 Week 6 Lecture 1

Front 1

Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres?

Back 1

Cerebral cortex

Front 2

Cerebral cortex involved with

Back 2

Language,Abstract thinking,Forward planning + basic aspects of perception,movement,adaptive responses to outside world.

Front 3

Association cortex

Back 3

Large area between primary sensory and motor areas.

Front 4

Neocortex

Back 4

90%-cortex visible on surface & most recently acquired region of brain during evolution.

Front 5

Allocortex

Back 5

-10%(hippocampus and cortex assoc. with olfaction)
-phylogenetically older

Front 6

How many layers in the cortex?

Back 6

6(numbered from pial surface to white matter)

Front 7

2 major cortical cell types?

Back 7

-Pyramidal
-Non pyramidal

Front 8

Neurons can be broadly defined into

Back 8

-Projection neurons
-Local interneurons

Front 9

Projection neurons

Back 9

-Pyramidally shaped cell bodies
-located in layers 3,5,6
-uses Glutamate as NT

Front 10

Pyramidal cells

Back 10

-75 % of cortical cells
-Glu NT
-20-80 um diameter(largest are Betz cells-corticospinal tract)

Front 11

Local Interneurons

Back 11

-also known as granule or stellate cells or non pyramidal cells
-GABA inhibitory NT
-25 % cortical cells in neocortex
-located in ALL layers

Front 12

Pyramidal cells and some granule cells have

Back 12

Spines on their dendrites(sites of excitatory input and play a role in learning and memory)

Front 13

Layer 1 of cortex has

Back 13

few or NO cells.

Front 14

Each cortical region has a characteristic

Back 14

Laminar pattern

Front 15

How many diff. cortical fields did Brodmnann identify?

Back 15

47 on basis of laminar arrangement and fibre pattern.

Front 16

All primary sensory areas have a

Back 16

Granular cortex(due to high density of granule cells in middle lamina-lamina 4

Front 17

Motor cortex has

Back 17

Fewer granule neurons in middle lamina BUT a conc. of PYRAMIDAL cells in layer 5(cells have long axonal projections to spinal cord and other subcortical structures)

Front 18

Motor cortex is

Back 18

AGRANULAR cortex

Front 19

Layer 1 of cerebral cortex

Back 19

Few cell bodies-cell processes and glia

Front 20

Which layer is densely cellular with mostly granule and pyramidal cells?

Back 20

2

Front 21

Layer 3

Back 21

Medium-sized pyramidal cells

Front 22

Which layer is rich in GRANULE cells?

Back 22

4

Front 23

Layer 5 has

Back 23

Large Pyramidal cells

Front 24

What layer contains wide variety of cell morphologies including bipolar and pyramidal ?

Back 24

6

Front 25

Each efferent cortical projection arises from cell bodies within a particular laminar distribution.

Back 25

True( and each afferent fibre terminates within particular laminae)

Front 26

Cortico-cortical connections

Back 26

between regions within same hemisphere or with opposite hemisphere e.g corpus callosum(300 million fibres)

Front 27

Cortico-cortical & cortico-commisural afferents go to layers

Back 27

2 & 3

Front 28

Thalamocortical afferents go to deep layer

Back 28

3 & 4

Front 29

Cortical projections to Basal ganglia,brainstem,spinal cord and limbic system arise from

Back 29

layer 5

Front 30

To thalamus

Back 30

Layer 6

Front 31

In addition to laminar organization,cortex also arranged in

Back 31

Columns(structural and functional: visual,motor,somatosensory)

Front 32

Major functional areas of cortex are

Back 32

-Primary visual
-Somatosensory
-motor areas

Front 33

Wernicke's area

Back 33

Comprehension of language

Front 34

Broca's area

Back 34

Articulation of speech and verbal short term memory.

Front 35

What connects those 2 areas?

Back 35

Arcuate fasciculus

Front 36

Precentral gyrus contains

Back 36

motor cortex which controlled mvt of the contralateral side of body.

Front 37

Imaging of brain

Back 37

PET,CT,MRI,fMRI

Front 38

Do you have a primary vestibular region in cortex ?

Back 38

Yes

Front 39

What are the 2 association areas?

Back 39

-Prefontal
-Parietal-temporal-occipital

Front 40

Area 17

Back 40

V1

Front 41

V1

Back 41

Initial processing of visual information.

Front 42

Pathways project through

Back 42

V2 (dorsal and ventral pathways)

Front 43

Ventral pathway

Back 43

-Goes to Inferior temporal cortex
-V4
-perception of COLOUR & FORM

Front 44

Dorsal pathway

Back 44

-Goes to posterior parietal cortex
-MT
-V5
-perception of depth,motion and form.

Front 45

Premotor cortex

Back 45

Motor association area

Front 46

Motor cortex

Back 46

-Agranular
-4 mm thick with betz cells in layer 5

Front 47

Layers 1 &2 in primary cortex have

Back 47

Corticocortical connections

Front 48

Layer 3 of motor cortex receives fibres

Back 48

From thalamus,basal ganglia,cerebellum,sensory cortex.

Front 49

Layer 4 in primary motor cortex is

Back 49

virtually absent

Front 50

Layer 5 projects to

Back 50

Spinal cord,brainstem,basal ganglia.

Front 51

Layer 6 projects to

Back 51

Thalamus

Front 52

Premotor area includes

Back 52

-Premotor cortex
-Supplementary motor cortex

Front 53

Premotor area receives inputs from basal ganglia and cerebellum via

Back 53

-Thalamus
-Prefrontal cortex
-Posterior parietal cortex
-Equivalent motor area from contralateral hemisphere

Front 54

Premotor area projects to

Back 54

-motor cortex
-brainstem
-Basal ganglia
-contributes fibres to corticospinal tract

Front 55

Important concept :

Back 55

intial processing of info in UNIMODAL areas adjacent to primary sensory areas(eg from visual and motor systems)