Sem 4 Week 10 Lecture 1

Front 1

Hormone

Back 1

Chemical messenger molecule-->peptide,steroid,thyronine,amine in structure which carries signals from one part of the body to another.

Front 2

Peptide hormones

Back 2

-tripeptides(TRH)
-decapeptide(GnRH)
-proteins(GH,PRL)
-glycoproteins(FSH,LH,TSH,hCG)

Front 3

Steroid hormones

Back 3

-Adrenal cortex
-Gonadal
-Placental
-Kidney(vit D metabolites)

Front 4

Amino-acid derived hormones

Back 4

-T3 and T4 from tyrosine
-catecholamines:adrenaline/norad from adrenal medulla(from tyrosine)
-melatonin from pineal gland(from tryptamine0

Front 5

Gut is

Back 5

an endocrine organ in a sense

Front 6

What cells have endocrinological function in gut?

Back 6

Enterochromaffin cells

Front 7

Name some hormones released from gut.

Back 7

-Gastrin
-Secretin
-Pancreatic polypeptide
-VIP
-somatostatin

Front 8

Endocrine organ in brain other than pituitary

Back 8

Hypothalamus

Front 9

Kidney is an endocrine organ because it

Back 9

releases 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D-for Ca2+
& also EPO and Renin.

Front 10

Heart releases

Back 10

ANP for fluid balance and heart function

Front 11

Liver produces

Back 11

IGF-1-related to growth

Front 12

Endothelial cells release

Back 12

-NO
-Endothelins
-PGI2

Front 13

Fat cells release

Back 13

Leptin and TNF alpha + adiponectin

Front 14

Tumours may produce

Back 14

Many hormones and PTHrP

Front 15

Also cytokines

Back 15

part of paracrine and autocrine system.

Front 16

Cytokines

Back 16

Locally active products(usually peptides) of cells-may have distant effects e.g : TNF alpha,interferons,ILs

Front 17

Autocrine system

Back 17

-Cell products acting back on cell of origin

Front 18

paracrine system

Back 18

cell products act on neighbouring cells

Front 19

What regulates Insulin and glucagon?

Back 19

Glucose

Front 20

What regulates PTH and calcitonin ?

Back 20

Ca2+ levels in blood

Front 21

What regulates ANP and vasopressin?

Back 21

Blood volume

Front 22

What regulates vasopressin(ADH) ?

Back 22

Osmolality

Front 23

What are the neural control of hormone secretion?

Back 23

-Hypothalamus releasing factors
-Inhibitory factors
-Symp and para. NS

Front 24

Synthesis of peptide hormones?

Back 24

-Precursor pre-pro-hormone synth. on ribosomes on RER
-N-terminal signal peptide quickly cleaved off to produce pro-hormone
-Pro-hormone enz. processed in Golgi & in storage granules to form mature hormone product
-processing of precursor is tissue-specific.

Front 25

Often several biol. active products are formed from a single precursor.

Back 25

True

Front 26

POMC produces in

Back 26

Ant. pituitary

Front 27

ACTH is produced by a process that generates several other hormones.Name them

Back 27

MSH,endorphin,enk.

Front 28

Steroid hormones made when

Back 28

REQUIRED. (from cholesterol)

Front 29

Adrenal catecholamines stored in

Back 29

Secretory granules and released by exocytosis.

Front 30

Thyroid hormones stored for

Back 30

Months.

Front 31

FSH in males act on

Back 31

Sertoli cells(produce inhibin)

Front 32

LH in males act on

Back 32

Leydig cells(produce T)

Front 33

What are the inhibitory factors in hormonal control of testis?

Back 33

-T
-inhibin

Front 34

LH in FEMALES act on

Back 34

theca cells --> androgens

Front 35

FSH in females act on

Back 35

Granulosa cells to produce Oestrogen and Inhibin

Front 36

GH acts on liver to produce

Back 36

IGF-1 which stimulates release of SOMATOSTATIN which itself inhibits Ant. pituitary

Front 37

Somatostatin has a

Back 37

-ve influence on production of GH.

Front 38

WHat acts on pituitary to release ACTH?

Back 38

CRF from hypoth.

Front 39

Aldosterone causes

Back 39

-Increased Na+ and decreased K+
-Increased renal blood flow
Both INHIBITS renin production.

Front 40

Metabolism of circulating hormone into active forms

Back 40

-Ang 1 into Ang 2 in plasma
-T into DHT in target tissues via 5 alpha reductase
-T to oestradiol in tissues
-40 % of T4 into T3

Front 41

Mechanism of Peptide and A.A derived hormones.

Back 41

-Interact with surface receptor--> PLC activation-->PIP2 breakdown-->IP3(Ca2+ mobilisation) & DAG(PKC activation)
-Interact with surface receptor -->tyrosine kinase activation--> activation of intracR phosphorylation cascade(insulin)

Front 42

Mechanism of steroid hormones(and thyroid)

Back 42

-Interaction with cytosolic(steroids) receptor--> nuclear translocation-->activation of transcritpion-->mRNA-->new pz synthesis
-interaction of nuclear receptor(thyroid hormones)-->activ. of transcrip.-->mRNA-->pz synth.

Front 43

Assay of hormones

Back 43

-bioassay
-Radioimmunoassay
-Protein binding assay
-ELISA

Front 44

Catecholamines and most peptides are

Back 44

UNBOUND.

Front 45

Steroids and thyroid hormones are bound to

Back 45

Proteins synth. in liver

Front 46

Bound hormone is

Back 46

INACTIVE

Front 47

Hormone levels determined by :-

Back 47

-Basal secretion
-Pulsatile secretion
-Diurnal rhythm
-Response to stimulation/suppression of individual hormones.

Front 48

Dx. of disease process by hormone measurement:-

Back 48

-Hormone itself(total or free)
-Assay of 2 hormones(T4/T3)
-Assay of 2 hormones(T4/TSH,cortisol/ACTH,oestrogen/FSH)

Front 49

Stimulation test

Back 49

-give GnRH and observe FSH/LH rise
-give TRH and observe TSH/PRL rise
-ACTH->cortisol rise

Front 50

Suppression test

Back 50

-Do GTT and GH does down
-give dexamethasone -->cortisol down

Front 51

Measurement of binding pz/

Back 51

SHBG

Front 52

What are the 3 types of abnormal hormonal states?

Back 52

-Excessive hormone production
-Deficient hormone production
-Hormone resistant states.

Front 53

E.gs of hormone excess states:-

Back 53

-Acromegaly:GH excess
-Thyrotoxicosis:T4/T3 excess
-Cushings syndrome: cortisol x's
-Phaeochromocytoma'adrenaline x's
-Hyperparathyroidism: PTH x's

Front 54

E.gs of hormone deficiency states:

Back 54

-Addison's disease: cortisol def.
-Hypothyroidism:T4/T3 def.
-Type 1 diabetes: insulin def.
-Amenorrhea:FSH def./PRL x's

Front 55

Egs of hormone RESISTANT states :

Back 55

-androgen insentivity syndrome
-pseudohypoparathyroidism
-type 2 diabetes
-POS(w insulin resistance)