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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The CNS is made up of
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Brain and Spinal cord.
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The cranial nerves and cells of the cranial ganglia are part of the
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PNS
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PNS includes
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-cranial nerves
-peripheral nerves -cells of the cranial,spinal(Dorsal root ganglia) and autonomic ganglia. |
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Optic nerve is
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CNS
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The somatic division of the PNS consists of
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-Cranial and Peripheral(spinal) nerves.
-Cells of the cranial and spinal ganglia. |
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Describe ANS
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-primarily a motor system innervating smooth & cardiac muscle and glands.
-conveys sensory info from viscera. |
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Sympathetic NS consists of
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Axons from T1-T12
L1-L3 |
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Where are the cell bodies that give rise to axons that make up the ANS located?
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Within CNS
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PNS consists of
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-CN 3,7,9,10
-Sacral nerves 2-4 |
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Enteric NS refers to
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Neurones in gut.
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What are the major divisions of the CNS ?
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7 major parts:-
-Spinal cord -Medulla Oblongata -Pons -Cerebellum -Midbrain -Diencephalon -Cerebral Hemispheres |
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What makes up the forebrain?
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-Telencephalon(cerebral hemispheres)
-Diencephalon |
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What makes up the hindbrain?
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-Medulla
-Pons -Cerebellum |
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The brainstem consists of
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-Midbrain
-Pons -Medulla |
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White matter in the brain consists of
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Myelinated and Unmyelinated axons and glia.
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Gray matter in the brain consists of
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Neurons,Astrocytes,Oligodendrocytes,microglia.
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What reveals details of single neurons?
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Golgi stains
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What reveals distribution of cell bodies?
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Nissl stains
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What is the ratio of glial cells to neurons in the brain?
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2:1
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The female brain weighs less than the male brain.
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True.(1450g in men & 1300 g in women)
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Astrocyes
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Uptake of ions and NTs to maintain appropriate microenvironment for neuronal function.
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Oligodendrocytes
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Formation of myelin
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Microglia
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Phagocytosis and production of cytokines.
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What comprise the 3 layers of meninges?
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Dura,Arachnoid and Pia mater which surround brain and spinal cord.
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Whicn meningeal layer adheres to the periosteum of bone?
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Dura mater(tough CT)
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What are the ventricles?
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Cavities within the brain-Lateral,Third and Fourth.
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Where are the lateral ventricles?
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Within the cerebral hemispheres.
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Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
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Median-vertically oriented cavity of diencephalon.
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Where is the 4th ventricle?
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Between pons/medulla and cerebellum.
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The 3rd ventricle is confluent with the 4th ventricle via
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Cerebral aqueduct.
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What is the obex?
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Point on the midline of the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata that marks the caudal angle of the rhomboid fossa.
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What constitutes the roof of the 4th ventricle?
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Axons of cerebellum and arachnoid mb.
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What forms the CSF?
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Choroid plexus,made up of choroid epithelium and tight junctions.(very vascular)
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Through which foramina does the CSF escape from ventricles into the subarachnoid space?
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Foramina of Magendie and Luschka.
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The CSF from the subarachnoid space drains back into the vasculature via
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Superior sagittal sinus.
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What are the functions of the CSF?
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-Cushion brain and spinal cord from trauma.
-Remove waste products -Act as a conduit for peptide hormones |
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80% of CSF formed as ultrafiltrate of blood.
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True(20% of CSF formed by susbtances diffusing out of brain into CSF)
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Does the brain have a lymphatic system?
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NO.
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CSF is serum without plasma proteins.
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True
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CSF and the ECF are not in communication.
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False.Communicate for constant Environment to maintain neurons.
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How much CSF is present in the ventricular system and how many times is it replaced?
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140 ml and 3 times a day.
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Roofs of 3rd/4th ventricles adhere to arachnoid membranes and pia mb grows into them.
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True
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Hydrocephalus in babies is due to
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a problem with cerebral aqueduct.
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A buildup of CSF as someone grows older could indicate
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A tumour of the choroid plexus.
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Alcohol goes across the BBB.
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True
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Astrocytes are not involved in tight junctions.
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False.
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Tight junction between endothelial cells in capillaries of the BBB>
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True
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The BBB results from:-
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-specialized properties of brain endothelial cells
-intercellular junctions -relative lack of vesicular transport in endothelium. |
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What happens during development of spinal cord?
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Vertebral column grows longer than spinal cord.
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In adults,spinal cord occupies 2/3 of vertebral canal and cauda equina 1/3.
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True
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How many pairs of spinal nerves?
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31 pairs.
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At what level does the SC end?
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L1
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Lumbar puncture is usually performed at what level?
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L3-L4 vertebral bodies level.
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Is there some CSF down central canal?
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Yes.
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WHat does the central core of gray matter of the spinal cord consist of ?
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Cells mediating spinal processing.
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The white matter of the spinal cord is made up of
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Ascending and Descending fibre tracts.
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Quantity of white matter in the spinal cord increases rostrally.
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True
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Quantity of gray matter increases at cervical and lumbar enlargements.
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True.
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Where is lateral horn present?
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In thoracic and upper lumbar segments.
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Dorsal roots
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Sensory
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Ventral roots
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Motor
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Where do dorsal roots and ventral roots join to become the mixed sensory and motor spinal nerves?
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Distal to the dorsal root ganglion.
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What makes up the lateral,ventral and dorsal funiculi?
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White matter.
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What demarcates the dorsal funiculi(dorsal columns) from other funiculi?
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They are homogeneous-tactile and proprioceptive sensory fibres
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How are fibre tracts named?
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From origin to their destination.
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Break down spinal nerves.
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8 C
12 T 5 L 5 S |
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Does PNS regenerate?
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True
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Where are the cranial nerve nuclei associated with cranial nerves 2-12 located?
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Brainstem.
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Where are the nuclei concerned with cardiorespiratory control and arousal(sleep/wake cycle) located?
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Brainstem.
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Cerebellum
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-distinct folded structure(folia)
-involved with coordination of movement.(DOESNT INITIATE MVT) |
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Give a brief description of the pathway involving the cerebellum.
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Input from muscles,tendons,joints,eyes,ears,vestibular system go to the cerebellum which outputs to cortex/brainstem via thalamus
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Brainstem consists of
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-Motor systems(nuclei and pathways)
-Sensory systems(nuclei and pathways) -Cranial nerve nuclei(except 1st/2nd) -Cardioresp. control -Reticular formation -Arousal(sleep/wake cycle) |
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What makes up the diencephalon?
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-Thalamus
-Epithalamus -Hypothalamus -Subthalamus. |
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Do all sensory pathways synapse in thalamus on their way to cerebral cortex?
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True,except for olfaction.
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What constitues the telecephalon(cerebral hemispheres)?
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-Cerebral cortex
-White matter -Basal ganglia(mvt control) -Hippocampus(memory) -Amygdala(emotion and behaviour) |
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What constitutes the epithalamus?
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Pineal gland which produces melatonin which sets the circadian rhythm.
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Subthalamus is associated with
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Motor.
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Gyri
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Ridges
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Sulci
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Depressions
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What are the 4 lobes that the cortex is divided into?
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-Frontal
-Temporal -Parietal -Occipital |
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On histological grounds,the cortex can be divided into many
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Cytoarachitectonic areas
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What the 3 broad categories the brain is divided into?
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-Primary sensory and motor
-Sensory and motor association -General association |
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What are the 2 main classes of neocortical neurones?
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-Pyramidal cells
-Non-pyramidal cells(stellate or granule cells) |
