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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Theodorakis et al.,(2000) define S-T as? |
what people say to themselves out loud or as a tiny voice inside their heads |
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What are the four W's of S-T? |
What? nature/valance (+ve/-ve) When? frequency Why? function Where? |
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Who conducted a study on the description of the 4 W's ? |
Hardy et al., (2001) |
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? description of where? |
Reoccurring pattern of it being used in; Sporting environment= used more regularly here Non-sporting environment= most common venue is home. |
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? description of what? |
phrases and specific task instructions. |
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? description of when |
used most before and during competition. also used during practice |
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? description of why? |
1. MOTIVATION arousal- psyching up and arousal control. mastery- mental preparation drive- regulatory effect 2. COGNITIVE specific- skill learning general- tactics |
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difference between positive and negative ST; |
+ve= praise + thoughts focusing on the present. -ve= inappropriate and counterproductive thoughts. |
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Who looked into the nature of self-talk? |
Van Raalte 1994 |
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What 3 things to did Van Raalte (1994) find; |
younger olayers displayed a higher amount of -ve St than +ve. Correlation between -ve ST and bad performance. No big association between +ve ST + performance. |
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? investigated instructional self talk? |
Perkos et al 2002 |
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What did Perkos et al (2002) find about instructional ST; |
effective in skill acquisition and perf. enhancement for low complexity skills. |
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Who conducted a study on the effect of ST on differing tasks; |
Theodorakis (2000) |
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What did Theodorakis 2000 find? |
Fine motor movement task= instructional ST ^ effective Gross motor movement task= instructional + motivational more effective. |
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how does S-T improve performance? |
focus attention reduces anxiety enhances info processing improved self-confidence |
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Who conducted study on what aspect of ST improvements? |
Hatzigeorgiadis et al. (2004)- focusing attention benefits form S-T |
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How does ST effect attentional focus; |
it reduces negative, interfering thoughts that aren't relevant to task execution---> improvement of attentional focus. |
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What are included in ST interventions; |
Awareness of self-talk 4Ws establish ST sequences thought stopping cognitive restructuring |
