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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self-concept vs. Self-Identity |
Self concept is the broad knowledge and understanding of one's self. Self-consciousness is the awareness of oneself. |
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Self-Schemas |
Beliefs a person has about himself. |
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Personal Identity |
Smart, funny. Personal character traits. |
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Social Identity |
Social definitions. Race, gender, religion, occupation... Male, student, white, |
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ADRESSING Framework |
age, disability, religion, ethnicity/race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, indigenous background, national origin and gender. |
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Self-reference Effect |
The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves. Easier to recall and learn info that is consistent with one's self concept and self schema. |
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Carl Rogers |
Founder of the humanistic perspective. Ideal self |
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Ideal Self |
Carl Rogers Constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations and the things you admire of others. Ideal is who you ought or wish you were. When ideal self is realized, the result is a positive self concept. When not, the result is incongruity. |
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Self-Efficacy |
Belief in one's own competency and effectiveness. Simply believing in own abilities improves performance. |
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Locus of Control |
Internal Locus: Belief that you can influence outcomes by your own actions. External Locus of Control: Belief that you cannot control outside forces. |
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Learned Helplessness |
Associated with an external locus of control. Found in depressed and oppressed (abused) people. Passive traits. |
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Self-Esteem |
One's overall evaluation of self-worth. Related to self-efficacy. |
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Individuation |
Development of a distinct individual personality. Adolescence is an important time for this. Erik Erikson: 12-20 identity vs role confusion stage. |
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Charles Cooley |
Looking-glass self. Person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions and with society. Shape your identity based on how you are perceived Continues throughout life. |
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George Herbert Mead |
Social Behaviorism Prep stage: Children imitate others. Play Stage: Children take on roles while playing. Game Stage: Learn to consider multiple roles and the responsibilities therein. Finally reaches an understanding of the generalized other (the common behavioral expectations of society) "Me" social self. |
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Social Behaviorism |
The mind and personality emerge due to communication and socialization. |
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generalized other |
(the common behavioral expectations of society) Mead |
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Feral Children |
Children not raised with human care or contact. No socialization. Social issues. |
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Norms |
Spoken or unspoken rules rules and expectations of a society. Reinforced by sanctions (rewards or punishment s for behaviors according to the norms) Formal Norms: Written down (laws). Typically enforced. Informal Norms: Generally understood but are less precise. No specific punishment. |
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Mores (More-ays) |
Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society. Often strictly enforced. (Animal abuse) |
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Folkways |
Norms that are less important but important for society and behavior (Style, greetings, clothing) |
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Agents of Socialization |
Family, school, peer groups, workplace, religion, mass media. |
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Assimilation |
Forsakes aspects of former culture to adopt another. Minority conforming to the dominant culture. Requires learning a language, changing how you dress, personal values.... |
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Amalgumation |
Occurs when majority and minority groups converge to form an entirely new group. |
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Multiculturalism |
Perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions. |
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Subcultures |
Culture within a culture. Distinct activities, traditions and values that vary from the larger culture. Bike enthusiasts, bartenders, medical professionals. |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
Typical of Children: 1. Obedience and Punishment: Focus on direct consequences. 2. Self-Interest: Focus on behavior that is only in their own best interest. Typical of Adults: 3. Interpersonal Accord: Focus on the approval of others. Live up to expectations. 4. Authority and Social-Order Maintaining: Fulfill a duty to uphold laws , rules and social conventions. Usually Never Attained: 5. Social Contract Orientation: Laws are social contracts that can be bent when the general welfare is compromised. 6. Universal Ethical Principles: Laws only valid if grounded in justice. Morality based on reason. |
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Attribution Theory |
Rooted in social psychology. Attempts to explain how individuals view behavior, both our own and the behavior of others. Can determine whether it is dispositional or situational by considering the constancy, distinctiveness and consensus (are other people doing it too) |
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Dispositional Attribution |
Attribute behavior to internal causes. "Wow, that driver is a real jerk" More likely to think of others in this light. |
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Situational Attribution |
Attribute behavior to external causes. "Driver must be in a hurry" More likely to think of yourself in this light. |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
Tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of the dispositional. Tied to the actor-observer bias. |
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Actor Observer Bias |
The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities. "I had good reason to cut that guy off" |
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Self-serving Bias |
Tendency to attribute success to ourselves and failures to others or the external environment.
I did well on a test because i am smart. I did poorly because the test was unfair. |
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Optimism Bias |
Bad things happen to other people, but not to us. |
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Just World Phenomenon |
Belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve. |
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Halo Effect |
Tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics. Related to the physical attractiveness stereotype |
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False Consensus |
Mistake in social perception Belief that everyone else agrees with what you do |
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Projection Bias |
Assumption that everyone has the same beliefs as you do |
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Stereotypes |
Oversimplifications of a group of people. |
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Prejudice |
Thoughts, attitudes and feelings someone holds about a group that are not based on actual experience. Prejudgment. |
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Discrimination |
Acting a certain way toward a group. Institutional Discrimination: Example: "Don't ask don't tell.." |
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Reverse Discrimination |
Drawback of affirmative action . |
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Scapegoat |
People at whom displaced aggression is directed. Often minority groups. Jews |
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Illusory Correlation |
Thinking an entire group has a trait based on one unique person (or few) Black people are good at basketball because kobe is good. |
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
When stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm them. Don't talk to a certain group at party, leading you to think they are even worse. Snowballs. |
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Stereotype Threat |
Self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype. Fill out survey before math test, females perform worse. |
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Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism |
Ethnocentrism: Tendency to judge another culture from your own cultures perspective Cultural Relativism: Judging another culture by it's own standards. |
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Group, aggregate, and categories |
Group: Collection of people who regularly interact and identify with each other. Similar values, norms... Aggregate: People who exist in the same space but do not interact or have a common sense of identity. Category: People who have similar characteristic but are otherwise no tied to one another. |
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Primary and Secondary Group |
Primary play a large role in one's life. Serve expressive functions (meeting emotional needs) Secondary play a smaller role. Serve instrumental functions. (meeting pragmatic/practical needs) Reference Groups: Standard measure that people compare themselves to. (I compare myself to other pre-meds) |
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Mere Presence |
Influence of people simply in each other's presence, not interacting. |
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Social Facilitation Effect |
People perform better at practiced tasks when others are present. Though, with novel tasks, people often do worse when people are present. (Overanalyzes) Presence of others stimulates arousal. |
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Deindividuation |
Mob Mentality. Lack of self awareness. Disconnection of behavior from attitudes. Prominent with these factors: Larger groups, physical anonymity (wearing a mask), arousing activities (stuff progressively gets out of hand) |
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Kitty Genovese Case |
Woman that was murdered. Cries heard by many, but nothing was done because they all believed that someone else would call police.
Related to the bystander effect |
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Bystander Effect |
Creates a diffusion of responsibility. The more people, the less likely it is that someone will stop and help. |
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Social Loafing |
Diffusion of responsibility, where people are less likely to exert effort with being evaluated in a group than when individually. |
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Group Polarization |
Does not indicate that a group becomes more divided. Rather, it suggests that an entire group tends to gain a more extreme view than initially shared. Tea party. Think political parties. Informational Influence: Group discussion causes most common ideas to emerge are the dominant viewpoint. Normative Influence: Everyone else is doing it. (Social comparison) |
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Groupthink |
No dissent within a group. Everyone in agreement. Leads to bad decisions. Tend to have a directive leader. Characteristics: Overly optimistic, justify own actions, mid guarding (censoring information), pressure to conform. |
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Stigma |
Labeling based on physical or behavioral qualities. |
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Solomon Asch |
Conformity experiment. Tested the conforming of identifying lines with confederates. People tend to conform to what others do. |
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Stanley Milgram |
Fake shocks. Authority |
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How is behavior motivated by social influence? |
Compliance: Desire to seek reward or punishment Identification: Desire to be like someone else. Internalization: Motivated by internal values. |
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Normative Social Influence |
Motivation for compliance is desire of the approval of others and to avoid rejection. Conforming because you want to be liked. |
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Informational Social Influence |
Complying because we want to do the right thing or that others "know something we don't". Tends to occur in situations that are novel or ambiguous. |
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Prior Commitment |
Once people have made public commitments, they tend to stick to them. |
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Status |
Socially defined positions. President, parent, republican... Can have multiple. Master Status: One the dominates the others (kobe is a basketball player) |
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Ascribed Status vs. Achieved Status |
Ascribed: Those that are assigned to a person regardless of his/her own efforts. (Gender, race....) Achieved: Based on an individual's achievements (doctor, parent...) |
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Social Roles |
Expectations for people in a given social status. |
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Role Conflict |
Conflict between two statuses. Think, male nurse, female cop, stay at home dad. |
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Role Strain |
Conflict within a single status. Gay may could possibly be considered too gay (or too little) |
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Role Exit |
Leaving a status for another. Embarking on something new and unknown. Switching careers. |
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Organizations |
Utilitarian Organizations: Members get paid Normative Organizations: Have morally relevant goals. Coercive Organizations: Members do not have a choice in joining (prison) |
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Introverts vs. Extroverts |
Introverts are better at reading emotions. Extroverts are more easily read. |
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Gender and Emotion |
Women surpass men at reading emotional cues. Can describe more complex emotions (with anger as an exception) Empathy equal in both sexes. |
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Impression Management (Self Presentation) |
Conscious or unconscious process whereby people try to attempt to manage their own self image by influencing the perceptions of others. (Talk yourself up, being flashy...) |
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Self-handicapping |
Creating obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame. "I didn't study" |
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Dramaturgical Perspective |
Constantly remake who we are, depending on the circumstances we are currently in. We are actors on a stage. Front Stage: Use impression management Back Stage: Being ourselves. Letting our guard down. |
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Attraction |
Depends on proximty (geographic), mere exposure (repeated exposure to same stimuli), appearance, similarity. |
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Aggression |
Innate. But influence both by biology and society. Frontal lobe inhibits aggression. Many regions stimulate it. Frustration-Agression Principle: When someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this can trigger anger. |
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Evolutionary Game Theory |
Attempts to predict large, complex systems, such as the overall behavior of a population . |
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Self Affirmation |
Self-affirmation is most useful when it allows individuals to preserve their sense of self-worth after receiving information that is a threat to self-integrity. Getting dumped because a significant other has to move away does not threaten one’s self-integrity because the significant other ended the relationship due to external circumstances, not due to anything specific to the individua |
