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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Medications that have acne as side effect?
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Remember pneumonic PIMPLES
Phenatonin Isoniazid Moisturizer Phenobarbital Lithium Ethoniamide Steroids |
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What are the types of acne lesions? (6)
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Open comedo (blackhead)
Closed comedo (whithead) Papules Pustules Nodules Cysts |
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What are the Gradings/Classifications of Acne?
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I-Commodonal Acne (open/closed) less than 10, only on the face, no scarring
II-Papule, between 10 and 25 lesions, on face and trunk, mild scarring, some inflammation, <5mm III-Pustule, >25 lesions, moderate scarring, visible purulent pore IV-Severe Pustulocystic or cystic, cysts and nodules, extensive, anywhere on the body, extensive scarring, inflammation, >5mm in size |
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What are the OTC options for Acne Treatment? What are their disadvantages? (4)
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1. Benzoyl Peroxide-drying, irritation, bleaches shit
2. Salicylic Acid-face wash, sting, acid, drying,discoloration w/high use,irritation 3. Sulfur-stinky, yellow coloration, irritation, drying 4.Sulfur/Resorcinol |
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What are the Rx Pharm Treatments for Acne? (5)
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CHAIR
1.Retinoids-Retin-A, Tretinoin, Vit A deriv. 2.Topical or Systemic Antibiotics- Erythromycin/clindamycin 3.Hormonal- Spironolactone/birth control 4.Oral Isotretinoin- 5.Combo therapy- |
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3 Meds that are classified as Topical Retinoids?
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Tretinoin, Adapalene,Tazarotene
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-Used as maintenance drug for papular or pustular acne
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Topical Retinoids are 1st line treatment for Acne, what are their side effects/ADRs?
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Skin irritation
Erythema-redness Peeling Dryness Stinging/Burning |
-->Local Effects
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Topical Retinoids are not to be used by which patients?
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-Pregnant women
-Patients with severe/nodular/cystic acne |
-->Can be used in combo with antibiotics
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Topical Antibiotics are used as an alternative to retinoids, what falls in this category and how long are they used for?
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Clindamycin, Erythromycin 6-8 wks
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Give examples of Oral Antibiotics for acne treatment. What type of acne is this used for?
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Macrolides and Tetracyclines
*doxycycline,minocycline,tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, azithromycin -->For moderate papular/pustular acne |
-->Bactrim can be used as alternative
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Oral Isotretinoin is used for what type of acne? What are its side effects?
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*Severe nodular cystic acne
Side effects: -birth defects (teratogine) -Liver damage -Suicidal thoughts -increase cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) -Osteoporosis |
-Claravus/Accutane
*Last Line of treatment! 50% reduction of acne in 4 wks |
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Patient Compliance with Ipledge includes...
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Females must not become pregnant before, during, and 1 month after therapy!
Females: Before the initial Rx must have.. -2 negative pregnancy tests 1 at MD office and 1 at a certified laboratory office *Each month, must have a negative pregnancy test *2 forms of effective contraception (1 month before, during, and 1 month after therapy) *Must fill Rx within 7 days (women) |
5-6 mos on then cycle off
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Rank the formulations for acne treatment from best to worst...
Creams Gels Lotion Solution |
1.Creams…non-drying, non-irritating, good for sensitive/dry skin
2.Lotion…Very minimal drying, like cream a bit thinner (more liquidy), safe for all skin types 3.Gels…very drying effect, good for ppl w/naturally oily skin (GOOD!) 4.Solution…very drying effect, good for oily skin (liquid) |
NEVER USE OINTMENT (clogs up pores)
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The CAP Process consists of 11 Steps, name them....
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Q uickly and accurately assess the patient
Step 1 & 2: Gather Information Step 3: Identify the Problem E stablish that the patient is an appropriate self-care candidate Step 4: Identify Exclusions for Self-Treatment S uggest appropriate self-care strategies Step 5: Identify Alternative Solutions Step 6: Select an Optimal Solution T alk with the patient Step 7 & 8: Prepare and Implement a Plan Step 9-11: Educate Patient |
COMBINE WITH QuEST
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Quickly and accurately assess the patient (Steps 1-3) include what strategy for symptom analysis?
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PPQRSSTA
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PPQRSSTA Stands for what?
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P: Precipitating events
P: Palliative factors Q: Quality R: Radiation S: Site S: Severity T: Temporal factors A: Associated symptoms |
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What Would you ask the patient for each of the stages of the PPQRSSTA process?
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P: What led to the onset of your symptoms?
P: Have you tried anything to help with your symptoms? Q: Can you describe the exact symptoms you are having? R: How did the symptoms change/evolve (radiate from original site)? S: Where are you experiencing these symptoms? S: How bad is your pain (scale of 1-10)? T: When did symptoms begin, are they chronic or intermittent? A: Is there anything else going on? Any other pathologies? |
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Give Examples of Medically Related Problems (MRPs)...
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*Indication without treatment
*Treatment without indication *Overdose *Underdose *Adverse drug reaction *Drug interaction *Wrong treatment *Failure to receive treatment *Inappropriate monitoring |
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SOAP notes stands for....
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Subjective:Ex. Pain,non-measurable
Objective:Meds,Lab tests, Measurable quantities Assessment Plan |
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S-ubjective Includes (5)
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Chief Complaint (CC)
History of Present Illnesses (HPI) Past Medical History (PMH) Social History (SH) Family History (FH) |
Social History Includes:
Tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, recreational drug use Marital status Occupation Education Pets Travel Environmental exposures |
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O-bjective Includes (3)
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Medication History (MH)
Review of Systems (ROS)/Physical Exam (PE) Labs and Diagnostic Tests |
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A-ssessment Includes
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-ANALYSIS of the subjective and objective information
-Identify the GOALS of therapy -Document RATIONALE for the plan |
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P-lan Includes
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*record of what has been/will be done (organized by disease state)
--FOLLOW UP MUST BE PLANNED |
Needs to be reproducible and added to each time patient comes to pharmacy
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OTC meds behind the counter include...
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Methamphetamine precursors (pseudophedrine)
Schedule V drugs*-ex codeine (outside USA) Plan B |
Sudafed: precursor for methamphetamine (can be taken orally, IV, intranasally)
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Methamphetamine Side Effects Include...
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-CV side effects (stroke, BP^)
-Hyperthermia -Lead Poisoning -Fires |
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What is the max dose for Sudafed that can be purchased per day/month?
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Limits sale to 3.6g/day & monthly sale to 9g
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When did Dietary Supplements become regulated?
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The DSHEA gave the FDA the right to control dietary supplements (removal) in 1994
--products were treated as food-- |
-Homeopathic "like cure like" drugs are not FDA regulated
VITAL FORCE SHIT since 19th century |
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Homeopathic Drug Regulation and Label Requirements...
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Falls under FDA jurisdiction BUT safety and efficacy DO NOT have to be proven!
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Label Reqs: Indications, ingredients, dilutions, and instructions
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Homeopathic Drugs Dosing and Safety...
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Dosing is unknown
-unlikely to cause serious adverse effects -contain higher alcohol content |
*Use may DELAY needed medical care
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What is Pharmaceutical Care?
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Responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve quality of life
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All OTC Drug Labels include...
(13) |
1.ACTIVE components and strength
2.SYMPTOMS or conditions this product will treat 3. CAUTION with medical conditions, medications or side effects 4. NUMBER and FREQ. of doses to take 5.STORAGE 6. COLORS and fillers 7.Expiration Date 8.Manufacturer 9.Where it was made 10.Lot number 11.NDC 12.Quantity 13. What to do if overdose/misuse |
All drug labels STANDARDIZED with same outline
-Failure to comply will result in the drug being MISBRANDED |
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What are the 4 types of UV light and where do they come from?
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UVC-Germicidal Radiation, very little reaches earth surface, absorbed by dead skin layers (doesn’t hurt living cells)
UVB-Sunburn Radiation, Burns, primarily main cause of skin cancer UVA-Penetrates skin deeper than UVB, causes histologic/vascular damage, no Burn,more reaches earth than UVB UVR – Tanning Booths/Beds |
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UV index is a scale of what values indicating what exposure?
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1-11+
1-2=low 3-5=moderate 6-7=high 8-10 very high 11+=extremely high |
Photo-Allergy
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What people are more @ risk for cancer?
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fair skin, genetically predisposed, blonde/redhead, eye color (blue, green, grey) , freckle formation, Nevi (moles), age, chemical exposure,
Doxycycline (NSAIDS, Diuretics, Antibiotics) |
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What is a Pre-Cancerous Lesion from sun exposure? Where is it found?
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Actinic Keratoses
-Slow growing -Small pink flesh colored patch -On ears, nose, face |
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Name and Differentiate between the 2 types of NON-Melanomas...
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BCC (basal cell carcinoma) aggressive and invasive, rarely spreads or metastisizes, seen on face/hands, very treatable (fast growing)
SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) slow growing, seen on face/ears/neck, more common in elderly |
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Where are melanomas most commonly seen, how do they start, how do they move?
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-30% start from a Nevi(mole), --can metastisize, starts at top of skin and starts to spread down, can be deadly
Women: more common on legs Men/Women: upper back |
Darker Brown spot (mole gone wild!)
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What Methods are most commonly used to identify a Melanoma?
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Asymmetry
Border Irregularity Color (pigmentation is not uniform), brown, red,white,black,blue Diameter (greater than 6mm-pencil eraser) Evolution (changing of mole/nevi) |
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What are the 2 types of sunscreen and how do they work?
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Chemical: absorb radiation
Physical: block radiation |
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How else is physical sunscreen different than chemical?
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Thick...not applied to whole body
*Contains zinc oxide or titanium dioxide |
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What are the SPF categories and what protection do they offer?
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2-12 (minimal sunburn protection)
12-30=moderate SPF 15:93% protection >30=High sunburn protection SPF 30:96.7% protection from UVB SPF 40:97.5% SPF 70:98.6% protection Some sunscreens block UVA and UVB |
SPF is indication of blocking of UVB
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Sunscreen Counseling Points
1. How To Apply 2. When to Reapply 3. ADRs |
HOW: apply liberally, as often as directed (q2h), depends on: product, in and out of water, sweating a lot (NO sunscreen is water-proof, is water resistant)
Suncreen works for 40-80 minutes REAPPLY: should be applied while inside, 15-30 min prior to sun exposure (to all areas exposed to sun-remember feet/ears) ADR: dryness, avoid eye contact, irritating, |
-->Cannot claim products are waterproof/sweatproof/sunblock
-->Broad Spec=blocks UVA and UVB |
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Sunscreen Labeling Specifications
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*SPF 2-14: must contain WARNING, that product has shown NOT to help prevent skin cancer or early skin aging
Broad Spectrum + SPF 15 or higher…can state that it can help reduce the risk of sunburn/cancer/sun-aging *MAX SPF 50+….highest dose out there |
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What are the 3 main treatment goals for dandruff?
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Reduce itching,
Minimize appearance, Decrease speed of epidermal turnover |
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What is the dosage regimen and contact time for Medicated Non-Rx Shampoo?
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use 2-3 times x week for 2-3 weeks (for dandruff)…then used as maintenance
*Key is amt of contact time between shampoo and scalp=5 minutes |
ex. Selsun Blue/Head & Shoulders
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What are the 3 Lines of Treatment options for Dandruff?
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Anti-Malassezia (1st line)
-Pyrithione zinc (Head&Shoulders) -Selenium sulfide (Selsun Blu) -Ketoconazole (not used every day) Cytostatic (2nd line) -Coal tar Keratolytic (3rd line) -Salicylic acid -Sulfur |
After 4-8 wks resistance can occur
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Disadvantages of...
Sulfur, Selsun Blu, Coal Tar, Salicylic Acid |
Sulfur-smell, color
Selsun Blu-Discoloration of Hair, odorous Coal Tar-odorous, discolors hair (darken) Salicyclic Acid-Irritating, decrease skin pH, used for drying effect…increases hydration, loosen/remove scaling |
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Seborrhea is most commonly seen in....
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-Worse in Winter
-Teenage years -Infants (not treated) “Cradle Cap” -Parkinsons disease -Zinc deficiency -more common in men -obesity -anything effecting immune system (ex. HIV) |
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Seborrhea can occur in what areas of the body?
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Scalp, Forehead, Eyebrows, Trunk or other parts of the face, Ears/Neck (much more yellow/oily/larger flakes than dandruff)
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Main Differences between Seborrhea and Dandruff is...
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1.Location (can originate from eyebrows/forehead)
-Dandruff just occurs on scalp 2. Oil (seborrhea is oily) 3. Color (seborrhea is yellow and larger) |
-avoid secondary infection and yeast colonization
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Medications used for Seborrhea?
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SAME AS WITH DANDRUFF
-shampoo several times a week |
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Who should not used medicated shampoos?
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Patients under 2yo
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How is treatment for Seborrhea different from that of dandruff?
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Treatment…2-3 X wk for 4 weeks (not 2-3 wks)
WILL SEE USE OF HYDROCORTISONE (Steroid use) in seborrhea (not in dandruff) *can be used for 1 week! OTC topical hydrocortisone w/out MD permission (up to qid) *Apply zinc first THEN apply hydrocortisone OTC 0.5%-1% Hydrocortisone |
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When Should you refer for HA patients?
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Migraines
If patient continues to come back and is not getting better/more severe, fever, loss of function/numbness *** RECURRENT/CHRONIC HAs |
-Vision Loss=dial 911
-Make sure patient is well hydrated |
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What are the OTC options for HA?
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-Acetaminophin (analgesic)
-Aspirin (analgesic) -Excedrin (APAP,Aspirin,Caffeine) -Ibuprofen (NSAID) -Naproxen (NSAID) |
*Usually exclude Aspirin and Excedrin (aspirin used for blood thinning effects)
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Points to counsel on for HA patients...
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-MDD
-If you don’t see results, see your Dr. (should see relief w/in a couple of doses) -Frequency -Do not take other products containing same ingredient -Take w/or without food -Side effects |
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What is the order of accuracy for measuring temp w/ electronic thermometers (by site)?
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*Rectal=Most accurate
*Oral=Medium accuracy -wait 30 min after eating for oral temp *Axillary=Least accurate (armpit) |
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How far do you insert probe of electronic thermometer into rectum?
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FOR CHILD…½-1 inch
FOR ADULT…up to 2 inches |
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Describe the 2 ways to take temperature using a Tympanic Thermometer...
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**If patient under 1 year of age: pull ear back, insert end into ear
**Over the age of 1 year, pull ear back and up (straightens out ear canal, more accurate temp) |
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How do you use a Temporal Thermometer?
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Never lose contact with forehead, move side to side...
(Not very accurate) |
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What are the non-pharm therapies for pain? And when are they used?
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RICE
REST ICE COMPRESSION ELEVATION *Used w/in 48 hours of injury (recent) |
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How do Topical Analgesics work?
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Counter-Irritants
(distract from pain in other parts of the body) |
ex. Bengay, Icy Hot
*Capsaicin: PROVEN to help w/pain |
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Acetaminophen
(dosing, adverse effects, MDD, Counsel) |
Dosing: 325-1000 mg q4-6h
MDD (OTC)= 4g Counsel: No alcohol Adverse effects: liver damage |
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Ibuprofen
(dosing, adverse effects, MDD, Counsel) |
Dosing: 200-400 mg q4-6h
MDD: 1200mg Adverse Effects: GI effects, anti-coagulant, CV problems, asthma Counsel: No alcohol |
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Naproxen
(dosing, adverse effects, MDD, Counsel) |
Dosing: 220mg q8-12h (not 4-6!)
MDD (OTC): 660mg/day Adverse effects: GI |
**Effects last up to 12 hours
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Aspirin (Salicylate)
(dosing, adverse effects, MDD, Counsel) |
Dosing: 650-1000mg q4-6h
MDD: 4g/day Adverse Effects: Stronger GI effects than aspirin |
**GI Bleed
-->Reye's Syndrome (swelling of brain/liver) |
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Fungal infections affect what % of US pop. at one time?
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10-20
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Where on the body do the following Fungal Infections occur?
1.tinea pedis 2.tinea corporis 3.tinea cruris 4.tinea capitis 5.tinea versicolor 6.tinea unguium |
1.Foot
2.Body 3.Groin 4.Scalp 5.Trunk 6.Nails |
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What are the names of fungus on each of the following parts of the body?
1.Foot 2.Body 3.Groin 4.Scalp 5.Trunk 6.Nails |
1.tinea pedis
2.tinea corporis 3.tinea cruris 4.tinea capitis 5.tinea versicolor 6.tinea unguium |
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Common Fungus Causing Dermatophytes include?
(4) |
Trichophyton
Microsporum Epidermophyton Candida* |
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What are the 2 types of Tinea Pedis and how do they manifest?
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Fissure, cracking, flaking, pustules, secondary bacterial infection
Acute: self-limiting, will go away on its own, intermittent Chronic: much slower resulting, NOT self-limiting (requires treatment) *Most Cases -can involve areas other than the feet (moves) |
-Athletes Foot
-Diabetes Patients may not notice |
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What is Tinea Corporis? Where does it occur? Where can you get it from? What does it look like?
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RingWorm
-Occurs anywhere -Can contract from wrestling mats,towels, pets, tanning bed -Rash-like, clearing in middle, spreading outward |
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Where do you find Tinea Cruris?
What is it? Who has it? What does it look like? Refer? |
Jock Itch
-In groin, under thighs, buttocks, genitals -Red, circular appearance (most in males and obese) |
REFER TO MD IF ON GENITALS
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What are the signs and symptoms of the 2 types of Tinea Capitis?
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Black Dot: More common, seen more in children
Gray Patch: more scaling/pustules, causes hair loss |
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How does Tinea Unguium manifest? How does it move? Where does it infect?
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*Infection of Nail BED
-Deformed, Brittle, discoloration of nail (white, brown, yellow) -seen first in Big toe on foot -Starts at far end and moves down towards cuticle |
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Who are those most susceptible to fungal infections?
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-open wound
-in damp warm area -immunocompromised |
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When should you refer for a fungal infection?
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-Immunodeficiency
*Patient with fever (may have become systemic) -Severe cases *When on genitalia *When on scalp (stronger products Rx) *Can’t ID *When involving face/mucus membrane *Tried to treat it (appropriately) and it hasn’t gone away *Secondary Infection -Infection:oozing, odor |
-if untreated can lead to hair/nail loss or secondary infection
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What are treatment options for Fungal infections? (5 Classes)
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OHABA
1.Azoles 2.Benzylamine 3.Allylamine 4.Hydroxypyridone 5.Other |
Other agents:
Clioquinol Undecylenic Acid |
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Azoles are the MOST COMMON treatment for fungal infections. What are the 2 Classes of Azoles and what Meds fall into each class?
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IMIDAZOLES
Lotramin/AF (Clotrimazole)-otc Spectazole (Econazole) Nizoral (Ketoconazole) Desenex (miconazole)-otc TRIAZOLES Diflucan (Fluconazole) |
**Broad Spectrum (include gram + bacteria)
***ALL OTC Antifungals are Topical! |
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What is the MOA for Azoles?
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Reduce ergosterol production by inhibiting fungal P450 enzymes
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*Treats all types of fungal infections
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What are side effects for Oral and Topical Azole Antifungals?
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Topical
-Irritation and burning -Itching Oral -N/V -Fatigue -Edema -Elevated LFTs -HA (more common for fluconazole) -Gynecomastia (ketoconazole only) -Impotence -Decreased libido -Photophobia |
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What are Drug interactions and Contraindications for Azoles?
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*No Drug Interactions topically
(Don't mix w/regular lotion) *No Contraindications when applied topically For Oral Ketoconazole... -Achlorhydria/Hypochlorhydria -Pregnancy Category C -Lactation |
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What are the available drugs for Benzylamine Antifungals and what are their MOAs?
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Lotramin Ultra Cream (Butenafine)
MOA: Causes fungal cell death by inhibiting squalene epoxidase |
-not used for treating scalp or nails
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Benzylamine...Side Effects, Contraindications, Drug Interactions?
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-Mild Burning
-No Drug interactions -Not to be used <12yo |
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What are the available drugs for Allylamine Antifungals and what are their MOAs?
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Naftin® (Naftifine)
Lamisil AT, Desenex Max, (Terbinafine) MOA: Causes fungal cell death by inhibiting squalene epoxidase (anti-inflammatory) |
-used for all types of fungal infections
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What are the available drugs for Hydroxypyridone Antifungals and what are their MOAs?
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Loprox®/TS, PenlacTM, (Ciclopirox)
MOA: Causes fungal death by blocking the uptake of essential intracellular substrates such as potassium ions. (Broad Spec-includes yeast/bacteria) |
-not used for treating scalp or nails
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Hydroxypyridone...Side Effects, Contraindications, Drug Interactions?
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Low incidence of side effects:
-Pruritis, burning, and worsening of sx -Rash and erythermia -Nail discoloration *NO Drug interactions *Contraindications: no use <10yo |
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What are the Other Antifungals Available? What is their MOA?
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Asorbine®, Aftate®, Tinactin®, (Tolnaftate)
MOA: Distorts hyphae and stunts fungal growth (NARROW SPEC) |
do not use <2 yo
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Adjunctive Therapies for antifungals includes?
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Aluminum Salts (astringent, decrease inflammation)
-can cause deep fissure in skin Topical Steroids *Use not recommended as it may modify the appearance of infection (referred to as tinea incognito) Reduces immune response |
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Topical vs Oral antifungal? Which is better, when should they be used? Which is the best treatment to recommend?
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Topical is recommended. Use oral is widespread, infection, or topical fails
All anti-fungals are equally efficacious if used correctly! |
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Which dosage form should you use for which fungal related symptoms?
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Cream: non-oozing
Gel/Ointment: hyperkeratotic lesions Lotion: Hairy/oozing lesions Power/Spray:prevent reinfection |
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What are the Treatment Options for Tinea Unguium?
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Terbinafine (Lamisil AT): Nail Fungus 250mg po qd f 6/12wks (finger/toe)
Itraconazole (continuous): 200mg po qd f 12wks Itraconazole (pulse): 200mg po qd f 1wk on 3wks off |
Terbinafine and Butenafine only use QD
-Penlac: qd f 7d |
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With which types of patients should you ALWAYS refer?
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-When it looks like infection
-Something they have already tried to treat appropriately -Something too severe -If you can’t ID it -Recurring Condition -Something that cant be treated OTC -Immunocompromised Patients |
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When Examining the skin of a patient, you should use what two techniques and notice what?
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Visually inspect
-color and uniform appearance, thickness, symmetry, hygiene and presence of lesions Palpate -moisture, temperature, texture, turgor and mobility |
Cm Ruler, Gloves, Magnifying glass
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What is the difference between a primary lesion and a secondary lesion?
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Primary: Physical alterations of the skin caused by pathologic process (ex. rash)
Secondary: rash that has been scratched and infected |
Non-Raised: Macule, Patch
Raised: Papule, nodule, plaque,wheal Fluid-Filled: Vesicle, Bulla, Pustule, Cyst |
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What are the 2 types of non-raised lesions? How do you distinguish them? What do they look like?
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Macule: Flat, non-raised, colored (<0.5cm) ex. Freckle
Patch: Macule w/scales or wrinkles (>0.5cm) ex. Vitiligo |
Major Difference is size
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What are the 4 types of raised lesions? How do you distinguish them? What do they look like?
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Papule: solid, elevated (<0.5cm) ex. wart or acne
Nodule: solid, elevated (>0.5cm) ex. Lipoma (marble-like) Plaque: Marginal Depth (>0.5cm) ex. Psoriasis Wheal: Papule/plaque rising from edema caused by pruritus (ex. allergic rxn) |
-Can see the depth of plaque, wheal looks on surface
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What are the 4 types of fluid-filled lesions? How do you distinguish them? What do they look like?
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Vesicle: Blister filled w/clear fluid (<0.5cm) ex. Herpes
Bulla: Blister filled w/clear fluid (>0.5cm) ex. 2nd degree burn Pustule: Vesicle filled with purulent liquid ex. comedone, folliculitis Cyst: Nodule containing semi-solid or solid |
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Secondary Lesions can be caused by pruritus and loss or build up of skin...what belong in these 2 categories?
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Loss: erosion (ruptured vesicle), ulcer (pressure sore), fissure (athletes foot), excoriation
Build-up: lichenification (chronic atopic dermatitits), scar, crust (scab), scale (dandruff) |
REVIEW IMAGES DERMA SLIDE 21-24
Scale…epidermal thickening Fissure…cracking/splitting of skin (ex. athletes foot) Erosion: Superficial loss of epidermis Ulcer: Worse! (think erosion x10) loss of epidermis and dermis (much deeper) Lichenification: Build-up/thickening of skin line Atropy:Loss of substance, thinning (weakening) Excoriation: linear erosion |
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Lesion Configurations include...
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Circinate (filled circle)
Sharp & Ill-defined Serpiginous Linear Annular: circle with clearing in center Arciform: Semicircle Gyrate: connecting arcs Zosterform: Dermatomal, not full covering of body Iris: Bulls-eye |
REVIEW IMAGES DERMA SLIDE 21-24
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Lesion Distribution includes...
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*Localized
*Generalized (entire body) *Symmetric *Asymmetric *Discrete (singular lesions randomly found all over) *Grouped *Coalescing: Singular spots, and some merging together to make larger spots *Cleavage Plane: in chest area |
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What are the 4 questions to ask regarding alopecia counseling?
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Gradual or sudden onset?
Does it occur anywhere else? Family history? Recent illness, stress, trauma or new drugs? |
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What are the 3 types of Hair disorders?
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1.Androgenic Alopecia
(male-pattern baldness) 2.Alopecia Areata (localized areas of hair loss) 3.Infective Alopecia (caused by tinea capitis-fungal) |
In many cases, a good history will reveal the answer to the problem
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What are the 3 most common nail disorders? What do they look like? How do they Manifest?
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1. Nail Clubbing
(results from chronic low blood oxygen levels) 2.Koilonchyia (spooning) (soft, scooped out nails, associated with iron deficiency anemia) 3. Onychomycosis (fungal infection, nails thicken and become discolored) |
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How do you examine Nails?
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Visually: color, texture, nail base should be 160 degrees
Palpate: should be hard, smooth, uniform, squeeze nail to test for adherence to nail bed |
Nail plate is white, nail bed is pink
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Nail Anatomy: Review Derma Slide 28
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Nail Plate: Keratin
Nail Bed: Vascularized Nail Matrix: Site of growth Lanula: Marks end of matrix Cuticle: Skin layer covering nail root |
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