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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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avg life expectancy?
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76-77
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when does aging begin?
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24-28 yrs
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4 theories of aging
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genetic theory
immunological free radical caloric intake |
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the genetic theory states that what occurs w/i our genes? and what does this do?
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mutations that alter our gene programming that results in quicker aging and bringing death prior to reaching max life span
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2 components of the immune system important in determining the aging process & poor health
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-failure/slowing of immune system, disables ability to fight disease
-when failure begins, it starts developement of antibodies a/g own tissues |
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what theory of aging suggests that the immune system begins to fail?
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immunological theory
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most old age diseases are of what type?
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autoimmune process where receptors/proteins are destroyed which brings about a failing body and reduces life expectancy
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what are very active chemical components that are formed in the body as part of normal metabolism?
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free radicals
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what neutralizes free radicals? what happens as you get older?
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antioxidants, and as you get older you produce less
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what can determine, to some extent, the amt of free radicals in the body?
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caloric intake!
-minimal/required intake...there is less free radicals produced d/t lower metabolic rate |
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what do you need to do to live longer according to the caloric intake theory?
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eat less and get good physical exercise
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what is a continuation of life with a decreasing capacity for adaptation?
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aging
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study of the normal aging process
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gerontology
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at what age do we consider people to start having aging problems...changes in physical/physiological environment resulting in abnormalities?
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65
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what is caring for the aged and the diseases of old age?
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geriatric medicine
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aging of the physiological organ systems occurs over what ages?
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30-75
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in aging, brain mass decreases how much?
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10-15%
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what does brain post-mitotic mean?
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cells do not replicate once lost.
when brain cells are lost over the lifespan, mass decreases |
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in aging, nerve conduction velocity decreases by?
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20%
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in aging, basal metabolic rate decreases by how much?
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20-25%
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by age 75, how many calories do you need d/t decrease in basal metabolic rate?
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1500
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what is the rule of thumb for cardiac output during aging?
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it drops about 1%/yr over age 35
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GFR decreases and increases over lifespan are?
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drops til age 35
then increases slightly til 45 then decreases 50-60% of normal |
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what happens to the overall collagen content and how does it affect the heart?
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it increases, causing walls of heart to become stiffer..leading to hypertrophy to try to compensate for decreased CO
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what happens to our stress response as we get older? how is this affected by the heart?
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decreases, less beta receptors on heart which inhibits hearts ability to increase rate & contractility
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at 25, max HR is ?
at 65, mas HR is ? |
200
150 |
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two factors r/t filling and contraction that decreases hearts' response to stress
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calcification and collagen content
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what causes abnormal conducting pattern in aging, leading to changes in EKG
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calcification and stiffness
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what decreases elasticity of vessel walls and increases BP?
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reduction in quality and quantity of elastin
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normal hardening of all of the vessels is ?
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arteriosclerosis
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pathological hardening of the arteries is ?
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atherosclerosis
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what is the leading cause of death? why?
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heart disease d/t to the CV changes occurring both pathologically and normally w/ age
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how much of the population diet of heart disease?
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60%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
over 65: 40% heart disease 15% CVA 5% vascular deficiencies |
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what causes decreased compliance of the lungs and chest wall?
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calcifications
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what happens to your vital capacity as you age?
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decreases
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6 resp effects of aging
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decrease compliace of lungs/chest wall
decrease vital capacity decrease stress response v/q mismatches decrease in pulm diffusing capacity decrease reflex response to hypoxia/hypercapnia |
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by the age of 75-80, your vital capacity decreases by how much?
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60%
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tubular function, which is decreased in aging leads to?
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fluid and electrolyte imbalances
more prevalent over 65 |
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what electrolye imbalance is the main problem? what age do we often see this?
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K
over 70 |
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what is one of the leading cancers in men?
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prostate
50-75% of males over 55-60 have some form of prostate enlargement |
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what contains the nerves and vessels of the tooth?
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pulp chamber
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what happens to your teeth & dentin-pulp complex as you age?
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increased calcification
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as you age, your salivary glands undergo what?
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fatty metamorphosis, can decrease to 75% of normal
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dry mouth syndrome and what does it do to ability to taste?
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xerostomia, decreases taste receptors as well as less salvia to put food into solution
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do GI enzymes decrease w/ age?
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no, just decreased absorption along GI tract
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weakening of intestinal walls in aging causes what?
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diverticulosis, and with decreased motility fecal impaction can develop and cause diverticulitis
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after age 50, atrophy of the liver causes?
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liver fxn to decrease signficantly, drugs will not clear as rapidly
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the minimal amt of calories needed to maintain an individuals life is the ?
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BMR
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normal caloric expenditure per day for 30 y/o is ?
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2000
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how can you raise your BMR?
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good aerobic exercise
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what is the avg reduction in total brain mass over a lifetime?
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15-20%
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an EEG of a 65 y/o looks similar to the EEG of whom?
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a pre-puberty child
"second childhood" |
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describe sleep as you age
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require less and more interruptions
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when do you lose long-term memory?
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alzheimers
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in normal aging, with senile dementia, you lose what?
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some degree of short term memory
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what is the cause of less reflex response, slower reaction time?
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depression of peripheral nerve conduction
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what is loss of accommodation?
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presbyopia
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what is the cause of the loss of accommodation?
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loss elasticity of lens, need reading glasses
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what senses progressively decrease w/ age? why?
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taste, smell, touch, pain
-there is a decrease in number of these receptors |
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decreased capacity to sweat can cause?
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loss of ability to regulate temp, fevers can get very high
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how do you get atrophy of muscles?
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disuse, occurs even w/ physical activity, but muscle tone can be mainatined for a longer period of time by exercise
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what happens to red muscle cells? white muscle cells?
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red- decrease in #
white- decrease in volume |
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when do you see a significant loss in cartilage?
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after 55
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when cartilage is lost and bones rub together and cause joint pain is ?
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degenerative arthritis
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what causes peeps to get shorter d/t to loss of cartilage in spinal column?
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degenerative arthritis
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who has the most bone loss?
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females, esp after menopause
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when do you see a high incidence of spontaneous fractures?
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after 85
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what contributes to overall well being rather than imposing danger to health!
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Sexuality
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in old age, what is a sign of a healthy mental status?
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healthy sexual expression
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3 points to successful aging
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-maintain high congnitive and physical fxn (exercise, crossword puzz, sex)
-avoid diseases (eat well, MVI) -engagement w/ life-stay involved |
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in aging, what causes GI contractions to become weak and irregular leading to loss of GI motility?
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hypokalemia
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loss of fine detail is what? what is it caused by?
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loss of visual acuity, caused by decreased blood flow leading to macular degeneration
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what blood disorder is often seen in elderly women d/t the decreased absorption of the GI tract?
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pernicious anemia d/t their inability to absorb intrinsic factor, so decreases absorption of B12
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