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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS |
Brain + Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Outside skull + Spine
Brings info (sensory) to CNS and carries out CNS signals |
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Somatic Nervous System |
Controls organs under voluntary control
Ex. skeletal muscles |
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Afferent Nerves |
Sensory |
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Efferent Nerves |
Motor |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
non-voluntary system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Thoracic + Lumbar
"Fight or Flight"
Second Stage neurons far from the targt organ |
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Parasympathetic NS |
Cranial and Sacral
"Rest and Restore"
2nd stage neurons near target organ |
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Connects the 2 cerebral Hemispheres |
Corpus Callosum |
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Gyri |
Elevated ridges 'winding' around the brain |
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Sulci + Central Sulcus |
Small grooves dividing the gyri
Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe |
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Fissures
Longitudinal Fissure
Transverse Fissure
Sylvian/Lateral Fissure |
Deep grooves divinding large areas of the brain
Divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Seperates the cerebrum from the cerebelum
Divides the Temporal Lobes from the Frontal +Parietal Lobes |
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Frontal Lobe |
Memory Formation
Emotions
Decision Making/Reasoning
Personality |
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Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) |
Cortical site that controls the movements of the body |
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Broca's Area |
Controls facial neurons, speech and LANQUAGE COMPREHENSION
LEFT of Frontal lobe |
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Orbitofrontal Cortex |
Site of the frontal lobotomies |
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Olfactory Bulb |
Cranial Nerve I, Smell |
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Parietal Lobe |
Sense and integrates sensations
Spatial awareness and perception
Proprioception - Awareness of body/body part in space and in relation each other |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) |
Site processing tactile and prorioceptive information |
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Somatosensory Association Cortex |
Assist integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space
May assist visuo-motor co-ordination |
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Primary Gustatory Cortex |
Primary site for the interpretation of Taste |
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Occipital Lobe |
Vision + visual stimuli |
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Primary Visual Cortex |
Sight-recognition of size, light, motion, dimensions, etc |
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Visual Association Area |
Interprets info aquired through the primary visual cortex |
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Temporal Lobe |
Hearing,
organizations/comprehension of lanquage
Info retrieval (memory and memory formation) |
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Primary Olfactory Cortex |
Interprets sense of smell once it reaches via olfactory bulbs |
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Wernicke's Area |
Lanquage Comprehension
Left of Temporal Lobe |
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Wernicke's Aphasia |
Lanquage comprehension inhibited
Words + sentences not clearly understood and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical |
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Brainstem |
Controls basic life ft'n (breathing HR)
Most cranial nerves
damage = fatal |
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Cerebellum |
Central Vermis 2 Cerebellar Hemisphere 3 cerebellar peduncles
Control balance + coordination |
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Diencephalon |
Thalamus
Hypothalamus |
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Thalamus |
Primary Sensory Relay station of brain
Processes signals before they are sent to the cerebral cortex |
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Hypothalamus |
Hormones + homeostasis
HR, BP, Digestion, Water balance, endocrine ftn |
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Hypophysis/Pituitary Gland |
work w hypothalamus to control endocrine ftn |
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Telencephalon - Cerebral Cortex |
Concultions serve to increase surface area
Corpus Callosum - Largest hemisphere connecting tract |
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Telencephalon - Subcortical Structures |
Limbic System - regulation and motivated behaviours
mammillary bodies, amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum
Basal Ganglia Motor System Stratium, globus pallidus |
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Lymbic System - Role + Major Structures |
Emotion + memory
Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate, cortex, fornix, septum and mammillary body |
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Basal Ganglia |
Control movement, thought and emotion
damage contributes to parkinsons
Structures - Caudate Nucleus, Puamen, Globus Pallidus |
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Cranial Nerves |
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal |
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Olfactory Nerve |
Smell
Smell something aromatic
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Optic |
Vision
Periph visual + visual activity |
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Oculomotor |
Eye movements, open eyelid, constriction of pupil, focuis, proprioception
Pupil size + response to light |
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Trochlear |
Eye movements and proprioception
Ability to rotate eye inferolaterally
Damage - double vision |
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Trigenimal Cranial Nerve |
Sensory Nerve of face
Corneal reflex, sense touch/pain/temo, clench teeth, move mandable |
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Abducens Cranial Nerve |
Eye Movement
Lateral Eye movement
Inability to rotate eyes laterally,eyes rotate medially at rest |
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Facial |
Facial expression, taste
Motor ft'n -> close eye, whistle, frown, raise eyebrown
Inab control facial muscles, distorted sense of taste |
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Vestibulocochlear Cranial Nerve |
Hearing + Equilibrium
Test hearing, balance, ability walk straight line
Deafness, dizziness, nasea, loss balance |
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Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve |
Swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensation of tongue/pharynx/outer factor
Gag reflex, swallow, coughing
diff swallowing |
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Vagus Nerve |
Swallowing, taste, speech, CV + GI reg, sensation hunger, fullness etc. |
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Accesory Nerve |
Swallowing; head, neck and shoulder movements
Rotate head + shoulders
Impaired movement |
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Hypoglossal Nerve |
Tongue movements, speech,food manipulation, swallowing
Toungue ft'n
Diff speech/swallowing, atrophy toungue |
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Gray Matter |
Inner component, primary cell bodies |
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White Matter |
Outer area, mainly myelinted |
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Dorsal area of spinal chords |
Afferent + sensory nerves |
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Ventral |
efferent + motor nerves |
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Spinal Chord segments |
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 coccygeal segment |
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Blood - Brain Barrier |
20th weeks gestation -> WHY careful about alcohol + other chems
prev passage harmful substances from blood to brain
formed tight junctions between capilary cells |
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3 Layers of the Meninges |
3 Layers
Pia Matter - tought + flexible, outermost Arachnoid - spiderlike Dura Matter - thin + delecate |
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Meningitis |
Infection of the meninges
Can cause CNS damage
stiff neck + severe headache |
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Circle of Willis |
Ring arteries @ base pf brain
Anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral |
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Anterior Cerebral Arteries |
Anterior + inferior portion frontal lobes
Parietal Lobes |
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Middle Cerebral Arteries |
Lateral aspect of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus) |
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Posterior Cerebral Arteries |
Occipital Lobe
Thalamus
Midbrain |
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Ventricular System + CSF |
Brain 4 ventricles that house CFS
CSF transport nutirents + ions + hormones to neurons, removes waste and acts as a cushion
3rd + 4th ventricle connected by cerebral aqueduct |
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Major Internal Features NEuron |
ER, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, golgi complex, nucleus, mitochondria, microtubules
Synaptic Vesicles + Neurotransmitters |
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Glial Cells |
Support Neurons
10:1
4 Classes |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Glial Cell
Extensions rich in myelin create myelin sheathes in CNS |
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Schwann Cells |
Sim ft'n to oligodendrocytes but in PNS
Can guide axonal regeneration |
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Astrocytes |
Largest glia, star shaped
ensheathe synaptic connection tween' neurons and required for synapse formation and maintenence |
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Microglia |
Involved in injury + disease response |
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Executive Functions |
Thinking, Planning, Organizing |
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Membrane Resting Potential
Threshold for Action Potential |
-70mV
-55mV |
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Duration of Stimulus from Neurotransmitter limited by |
Breakdown of Chems in the synaptic cleft
Reuptake of neurons by the neurotransmitter |
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Milestone Prenatal Dev |
D 1: Conception - Sperm + Ovum = zygote
D 10 -14: Implimentation = Zygote burrows into uteran lining. Placenta, umbilical chord and embryo precursors already formed
wk 3 - 8: Oranogenesis - All organs form
wk 9 - 38 Growth and organ refinement 2.5cm 7g -> 51cm + 3.2 kg
Most neurons by wk 28 |
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The Embryo |
wk 3 - 8
Formation ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
ectoderm -> neural plate (stage 8 D 17-19) -> neural tube -> brain |
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Period Fetus |
9 - 22 wk
tremendous brain dev synaptogeneis + myelination |
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Stages NS Dev |
Neural Plate -> Neural Groove -> Neural Tube -> Neual Crest
Neural Tube forms brain and spinal chord
Neural Crest -> autonomic and sensory ganglia as well as adrenal medulla |
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Neural Tube Defects |
1-10/1000 births
Anencephaly and spina bifida occur in equal frequencies |
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Anencephaly |
Incomplete closure cranial end of neural tube
Forebrain fails to dev -> lack folic acid potent
Failure close at stage 11 (day 23 - 26) |
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Spina Bifida |
Imcomplete closure of caudal end of the neural tube
Paralysis, loss bladder, lack lower extremities |
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Primary Neurulation |
Formation neural Structures into a tube, forming brain and spinal cord |
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Secondary Neurulation |
Formation of the lower spinal chord, which gives rise to lumbar and sacral elements |
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Disruption Stage 8-10 |
cause craniorachischisis, most severe neural defect |
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Neural Crest Cells |
Migrate through body
form ANS, Somatosensory neurons + receptors and adrenal medulla |
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Critical Periods |
Periods in dev where a large # of synapses are formed, disrupting these times can lead to functional deficits |
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Nutritional Deficency Issues Folic Acid
Iodine
Iron
Zinc |
Neural Tube defects
Most prev cause mental deficits
Inc risk premi
Low birth weight and small head circumference |
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Fetal Alcohol syndrome |
Distinct facial feature, growth retardation, CNS impairment, brain abnormalities |
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Fetal Alcohol Effect |
Milder form FAS wo. facial features of FAS |
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Facial Features FAS |
Short palpebral (eyelid) Fissure
Indistinct Philtrum
Thin Upper Lip
Microcephaly: small size of head comp to rest of body
Microphthalmia: Abnormal smallness of eyeball |
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Pathophysiology FAS: Effects of time of alcohol |
When sperm + egg meets: either dies or lives
day 7-8 craniofacial dev abnormalities
wk 4-8 specific organ defects, most commonly neurological system |
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Infections |
Cytomegalovirus
Syphilis
Rubella
Toxoplasmosis |
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Cytomegalovirus |
Primary (2-4% severely malformed) + recurrent (<%1 infected)
30% moratlity affected -> mental retardation, hearing loss, cerebral calcifications
Temp sympts - Liver + spleen issues, jaundice, small birht size, seizures
Perm disab. -> Hearing loss, vision loss, mental disability, small head, lack co-ordination, death |
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Rubella |
1st trimester infect -> Congenital Rubella - Deafness, cataracts, retardation
no treatment -> vaccine
inner ear + occular defects, microcphaly, mental + motor retardation, CP |
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Toxoplasmosis |
3rd trimester infection (can be 1st/2nd but much lower chance)
via transmission
Hydrocephaly , microcephaly, jaundice, fever, seizers, chorioretinitis |
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Cerebral Palsy |
Disabling symptoms resulting from damage to motor control areas of brain
Palsy = Disordered movement or posture
Most common cause of childhood phys disab
dev delay, abnorm muscle tone, bad posture |
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Apgar Test |
1st test given to baby immed after birth
Scale 0 - 2 5 factors Appearence (Skin colour) Pulse (HR) Grimace Response (reflexes) Activity (msucle tone) Respiration (breathing rate and effort) |
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Dolphin Palsy |
CP child put in tank w dolphin |
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Space Suit |
Treatment CS - modeled after Russian astronaut uni that helped keeps muscle tone in space |
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Video Games therapy |
CS ex. wii
cheaper than other treatments |
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Attention Defincit Hyperactivity Disorder |
Lack inhibition, lack attentivemess, hyperactivity
1st discovered in classroom -> most common behaviour disorder childhood
Same sympt as those w. prefrontal cortex damage
6-10%, M > W |
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ADHD Pathophysiology |
Genetic factor (.80 -.85) heritability
Dysfunction prefrontal lobes
Genes involved dopamine regulaation Dopamine transporter (DAT1) Repeat dopamine receptor gene (DRD4)
abnormality frontostriatal circuitry (prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum) -> assoc w executive ftning (spatial working memory, response inhibition) |
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ADHD + Neurotransmitter |
dif levels Dopamine - Approach + pleasure seeking behaviours Norepinephrine - emotional behaviour + regulation Epinephrine Serotonin |
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ADHD Treatments |
Methylphenidate - Ritalin, Concerta and metadate
Adderall
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine (NOR) and dopamine (DOP), facilitating release
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Tourette's Syndrome/Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome |
motor + vocal ticks
Inherited - 6 - 10 years
Severity highest puberty then stabalize adulthood
M > F |
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Tics |
Sudden, rapid, recurent, involuntary actions or vacalizations |
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Motor Tics |
Involuntary, rapid, sudden movement (gen muscles)
Both simple + complex |
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Vocal Tics |
Invol, rapid, sudden vocalization
inv. larynx, throat, sinuses or mouth |
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Simple Tics |
Gen involve muscle group, look like spasm
eye blink, head sway, foot tap
Grunt, snort, cough, sniff |
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Complex Tics |
1 + Muscle group, long and intricate
pulling at cloths, punching kicking
Barking, whistling, coprolalia (invol swearing), echolalia (rep ambient sounds or something said by another), palilalia (invol rep syll, words or phrases) |
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TS etiology |
Genetic component
Hypersensitvity DA neurotransmission and dysfunction opioid system |
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Dyspraxia |
Difficulty org of movement
early sympt. - Delayed lanquage, highly emotional
Both Devepmental Dyspraxia (Co-ordination disorder), Verbal Dyspraxia (dev apraxia of speech)
M > F |
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Symptoms Dyspraxia |
high level excitability + motor activity
Moves awkwardly
Poor fine motor skills
Isolated in peer group
Lack imaginative play
Limited |
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Treatment Dyspraxia |
Rehabilitation
*Gen component abscense paternal copy FOXP2 |
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Autism |
Social - Nonverbal behaviour, relationships, seeking interaction
Communication - Repetitive
Behaviours - Obsessive, inflexible, repetitive |
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Autism Factors |
Sex
Family History - Gen component
Exposure exogenous agent - immune activation, toxicant exposure |
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) |
List of mental disorders
General serious functional which interferes with or limits one or more major life activities |
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12 month prevalence of disease in US adults |
25%
50% lifetime |
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DALYs |
Disability-adjusted life years
Total # of years lost to illness, disab or premature death in a population
Leading cause Neuropsychiatric Disorders (more than cardiovascular diseases) |
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Schizophrenia |
Chronic, severe and disabling brain disorder
1% Americans
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Schizophrenia Symptoms |
Positive Symptoms (extra stim) - Delsusions, hallucinations, thought disorders (more responsive to medications)
Negative Symptoms - amotivation, social withdrawal, flat affect (Dev w. progress illness)
Congnitive - Distractibility, impaired working mem + executive ftn (occur in assoc w neg sympt)
Mood - Mania and depression |
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Schizophrenia gene |
5HT
Low baseline DA and stimulated release |
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Anxiety Disorder |
EXCESSIVE anxiety (which is a normal stress reaction)
Most common mental disorders Americans (18.1% pop)
W > M |
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Pathophysiology General Anxiety Disorder |
5-HT Neurons
GABAergic Neurons
Overactivity NA neurons from locus coeruleus |
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Mood Disorders |
Underlying prob prim. affects mood
Major Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia
Minor Depression (Psychotic/postpartum/Seasonal Affective disorder)
Bipolar Disorder
W > M by 50% (10% pop, 45^% severe) |
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Mood Disorder - Chidlren + adolscents |
14% 13 - 16
Rates increase as age increases |
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Major Depressive Disorder |
Feelings of sadness interferes with daily life
Symptoms must be present for 2 weeks: Depressed mood Lack of pleasure (anhedonia)
also: weight gain/loss, overwhelmin sad/fear, disturbed sleep, thought death, suicide attempt, fatique (5 sympt must be present)
W > M (70%) |
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Major Depressive Disorder rates |
Adult 16.5% life, 2% 12 month
Adolescent 11% life, 3.3% severe |
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r Depressive Disorder theories |
5-HT, NE and DA (Monoamine) imbalance
Stress endocrine system
Immune activities |
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genesis |
Subventricular lining of the lateral entricles
Subganular zone part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus |
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Addiction + 5 commonly abused drugs |
Actions drug abuse vulnerable brain -> gen repeat exposure
Tobacco (nicotene - 70% experimenters become addicted) Alcohol (55% heritability, tolerance devs) MJ (THC cannabis sativa, int short-term memory and multi step tasks) Cocain + stimulants (inc neural and behavioural activity. Crack = cheap smokable coke)
Long term trends - Decreasing |
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piates: Heroin + Morphine |
from poppies - med uses
High risk addiciton |
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Emerging Adult |
18 - 25 |
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Puberty + Hormones |
begins sig hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> adrenal gland + gonads
Testosterone and estradiol released
inf mood and though |
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Estradiol -> |
Primary Female Sex Hormone |
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Risk and Adolescence |
Inc risk drugs + alcohol Addiction Mental Illness Risk Taking
Impulse control + emothions not yet mature
Large increase in frontal lobe size and executive functioning |
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Neurodevelopent + Risk youths |
Inc risk taking - specif group setting
Low effort - high excitement activities
Reward Sensitivity - more bang for buck
Interest novel stimuli
Decreased self-regulation |
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Dev brain + Nicotene |
Increase in nicotine Receptors |
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Estimated Cost substance abuse problems |
Drug $181 billion
Alcohol - $185 billion
Tobacco - $193 billion
$559 Billion/year |
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Dev brain + drug |
Decreased brain metabolism |
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Prevalence Drugs |
Alcohol Use - Ever 203m Cocain use ever 35m Alcoholism 18.8m Herion use ever - 3.7m Cocaine Addiction 2-3 m Heroin addiction 1 m
Opiates (illicit use) 33.5m dependence opiate - 1.6m |
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Law of Effect |
E = SIC
Substance x Context x Enviro |
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Drug Abuse |
activate reward system of the limbic area of the brain - pleasure
activate primal, survival limbic structures - override frontal cortex |
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Reward Sensitivity |
more noelty + higher level of stimulation
changes limbic system, endocrinology and immature self-regulatory system
Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) involved in drug rewards |
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Brain Structures + addiction |
Inititial DDrug Taking - Mesocorticolimbic pathway (Nucleus acumbens), prefrontal lobes, amygdala
Craving + Compulsive Drug Use - Dorsal striatum and hypothalamic stress circuits
Relapse - Priming doses (prefrontal cortex), drug associated cues (amygdala) and stress (hypothalamic circuits) |
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Cognitive Cortex |
Centered in the frontal lobe
intelligence, judgment and behaviour
Inhibition innapropriate responses and dangerous impulses |
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Input to 'cognitive cortex' |
Somatosensory Cortex
Auditory Association Cortex
Visual Association Cortex
Thalamus - ill input integrated into cognitive Cortex |
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Emotional Cortex |
Cognition + Behaviour
connected sensory regions
affect physiological response via ANS
Commun w cognitive cortex -> emotions to be considered in decisions |
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Declarative Memory |
Mem that can be described in world -> phone #, dates |
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Non-Declarative |
Motor Skills, emotional reesponses
ex. bike, driving car |
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4 Stages of Declarative Learning |
Aquisition
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval |
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Short term memory/'working memory' |
'working memory' - seconds to minutes
True short term memory - minutes to days
Strengthen synapses More pre + postsynapses + synaptic vesicles + NT molecules |
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3 Classes of cognitive disorders |
Delirium - temp confusion + disorientation
Dementia - broad degenerative cognitive deterioration
Amnestic Disorders - Memory dysfunctions caused by disease, drugs or toxins |
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Delirium |
Cloudy counscieous - memory + ability to be in the moment affected
dev rapidly over hours/days
10-30% of those in acute care facilities
older adults, AIDs, med patients
full recovery win. several weeks |
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Symptoms Delirium |
Perceptual disturbances
Speech/motor problems
Hyper/hypoactivity |
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Delirium + med condition |
drug intoxication or withdrawal
head/brain trauma, infections
stress, sleep deprivation |
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DSM-IV subtypes of delirium |
due to med condition
substance induce
due to multiple etiologies
delirium not otherwise specified |
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Dementia |
Gradual deterioration brain
mem impair, agnosia - inab to name objects. , facial agnosia, delirium, depression, apathy
Late Stages - functioning deteriorates, almost total support required
death from inactivity and other illnesses |
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7 A's of Dementia |
Anosognosia - cant rec something changed and something wrong
Agnosia - cant rec things through sense
Aphasia - lose lanquage incl speech, understanding, reading and writing
Apraxia - lose ability purposeful movement
Altered Perception - misinterpret info around you
Amnesia - loss of memory
Apathy - not take initiative |
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Dementia prev |
1% 65 - 73
47% 85 + |
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Classes of Dementia |
AZ type
Vascular Dementia
Due to other med condition
Substance induced
Multiple etiologies
D not otherwise specified |
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AZ Progression rate + av survival time |
Slow during early and later stages, rapid @ middle
8 years |
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AZ Pathophysiology |
Cortex shrivels up - damage thinking, planning and remembering areas
Shrinking severe hippocampus
ventricles grow
Plaques form (abnormal cluster protein fragments) dead + dying nerve cells contain tangles which are made up of twisted strands of another protein
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Beta-amyloid |
Accumulates extracellular to from plaques |
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Tau Protein |
accumulate intracellularly to from neurofibrillary tangles |
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AZ treatment |
Production NT acetylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibiters mild form AZ - Aricept, Reminyl ER, Exelon
Ebixa/NMDA receptor agonist for severe AZ |
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Normal Situation |
Glutamate transmits signal via NMDA receptor recycling glutamate in glia cell
B-Amyloid inhibits glutmate recycling excess glutamate masks signal transmission (AZ)
(AXURA TREATMENT) Axura blocks effect excess glutamate Restoration physiological signal transmission |
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AZ Costs |
70% AZ receive home care from unpaid caregivers |
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Vascular Dementia |
Progressive Brain Disorder Caused by blockage or damage to blood vessels
sudden onset
2nd leading cause |
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Causes of Dementia |
Head trauma
Parkinson's disease - degen brain disorder
Huntingtons disease - inherited degen brain disorder
Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia - drug combo w poor diet may prod perm damageq |
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Amnestic Disorder |
unable to recall prev learned information - loss memory and inab transfer info to long-term memory
DSM criteria - inab learn new info -inab recall prev learned info -memory disturbance cause sig impairment in ft'n |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Inab to recall past info/memory |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
-inab to learn and recall new info
severe form - immed forget new people |
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DSM - IV categories amnestic disorders |
amnesia due to med treatment -may be chronic or transient - med traum/lack oxygen
Substance induced persisting amnestic disorder - drugs, enviro toxins (lead, mercury, industrial solvents) |
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Causes of Cognitive Disorder |
Biological Perspective - lack flow blood/o2 to brain -substance intox/withdrawal, high fever, vit defic
Genetic Perspective - ex. dementia + other cognitive disorder
Other Factors - head injury + trauma, surgery, substance intox |
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Brain Imaging |
Ultrasound - easy, nonradioactive, noninvasive - limited resolution, not pass through bone
CT - wide field of view, detect subtle dif body tissues - radiation, cost, tissue non-specifity
PET - biochem and physiological phenom - radiation, lower res MRI, most expensive |
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MRI |
- Higher resolution, can show anatomizing details, no ionizing radiation
= expensive, cant be used for those w. med devices |
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Sensory Systems |
Vision
Hearing
Balance
Touch
Taste and Smell
Perception |
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Primary Sensory System |
Input from thalamic relay nuclie |
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Secondary Sensory System |
Input from primary and secondary cortext win. sensory system |
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Association Sensory System |
Input from more than 1 sensory system, usually secondary sensory cortex |
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Sensation |
Detection of the stimulus |
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Perception |
understanding the stimulus |
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Functional Segregation |
Distinct functional areas win a level |
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Parallel Processing |
Simult anal. of signals along diff pathways |
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Hierarchial Organization of Sensory Systems |
Association Cortex
Secondary Sensory Cortex
Primary Sensory Cortex
Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Receptors |
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Transduction |
Conversion of one form of energy to anotherV |
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Visual Transduction |
Conversion of light to neural signals by visual receptors
Pigments absorb light |
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Absorption Sprectrum |
Sprectral Sensitivity |
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Flow of visual information |
Thalamic Relay neurons -> 1o visualcortex (Striate) ->2o visual cortex (prestriate) -> visual association cortex
Higher in the hierarchy receptive feilds -> larger & more complex and specific stimuli |
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Vision Prosopagnosia |
inab to disting faces (oft not limited to just faces)
Damage ventral stream tween occipital and temporal lobes
dif skin conductance response to farmiliar faces comp to infarmiliar faces despite not recognizing
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Akinetopsia |
Defincency to see movement in a smoot fashion
induce high dose antidepressants
Assoc w damage middle temporal (MT) area of cortex |
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Amplitude |
Loudness |
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Frequency |
Pitch |
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Complexicity |
Timbre |
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Two stream auditory cortex |
Anterior auditory pathway - more involved ident sounds
Posterior Autitory Pathway locating sounds - where |
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Lesions of Auditory Cortex |
permanents hearing defects |
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Deafness + Types & Damage |
Conductive Deafness - damage to ossicles
Nerve Deafness - damage to cochlea
Partial cochlear deafness - loss hearing @ particular frequencies |
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Somatosensory Systems |
Exteroceptive - External Stimuli
Proprioceptive - body positions
Interoceptive - Body conditions (ex. temp + BP) |
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Dorsal-Column Medial-Lemniscus System |
Mainly touch + proprioception
1st synapse in dorsal column nuclei of the medulla |
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Anterolateral System |
Mainly pain and temp
Synapse upon entering the spinal chord
3 tracts - spinothalamic spinoreticular spinotectal |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex (SI) |
Postcentral gyrus
Somatotopic organization (somatosensory homunculus) - more senitive, more cortex
input largely contralateralS |
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SII |
Input SI
somatotopic - both sides of the body |
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Somatosensory Agnosias |
Astereognosia - inab to rec onjects by touch pure cases rare
Asomatognosia - failure to recognize parts ones own body |
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Pheromones |
chems that influence members of the same species
change olfactory sensation tied to mestrual cycle
synchronization menstrual cycle
sex ident by smell |
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Anosmia |
inab to smell
blow to head that damages olfactory sense |
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Ageusia |
Inab to taste
rare due to mult pathways
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Hypogeusia
Dysgeusia |
Partial loss taste
distort of taste |
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Synthesia |
Joined sensation
percept condition
idiosyncratic yet stable (same colour for same letter)
1 - 4 % (strong W bias - self-report bias)
strength - memory weakness - calculations |
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Common Types Synthesia |
Coloured letter/word shading
Tasted words
Coloured Hearing
Personification - graphemes carry human attributes
Spatial Sequence - overlearned sequenced |
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Verification Synthesia |
nueroimaging
The synesthesia - tests grapheme Letter -> match to colour
check for internal conistency |
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Theories Synesthesia |
More Connections Insufficent pruning
Increased arborization - outgrowth of neurons despite reg pruning
Less Inhibition non-synthesthetic brain - exitatation balanced by inhibition synesthetic brains - inhibition diminished
aquired - LSD (neural targets more easily activated by abnormal outputs)
Reduced Plasticity - Pairings stick instead of modief w each new sighting
genes -Chromosone 16
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Arborization |
Outgrowth neurons despite reg pruning |
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Synesthesia + Autism |
hyperactivity of neurons
autism - too big focus small
dispoport more common w autistic |
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Reaserch Utilization |
Practical application for original research |
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Evidence-Based Practices |
Basing clinical decision on best possible evidence |
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Instrumental Utilization |
Direct utilization |
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Conceptial Utilization |
Indirect utilization |
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Stages Adoption of Innovation |
Awareness
Persausion
Occasional Use
Regular Use |
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Archie Cochrane |
led to dev cochrane center and Cochrane collaboraion
purposed evidence hierarchy |
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David Sackett |
EBP pioneer at mac med school |
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Research Related Barriers |
Design flaw
NO perfect Study
Timely |
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Practice Related Barriers |
based personal experiences |
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Barriers HC professionals |
Resources
Attitudes
Need willing and open |
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Time Delay research to practice |
As much as 17 years |
