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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the layers of the GI tract from outside in
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Serosa
Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Submucosa Mucosa |
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What nerve plexus is involved with peristalsis and trituration
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Myenteric
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What nerve plexus is involved with secretion and absorption
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Meissner's
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Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located
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between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
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Where is meissner's nerve plexus located
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within the submucosal layer
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BER esophagus and stomach
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3-5/min
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BER duodenum
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12/min
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BER jejunum
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10/min
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BER ileum
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7-8/min
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cecum
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9/min
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BER sigmoid
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16/min
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What is the only factor that can increase the BER significantly
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Basal metabolic rate
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Name the sphincters as you progress down the GI tract
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Upper esophageal, lower esophageal (cardiac), pyloric, ileosecal, rectal
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Initiates phase 2 of swallowing
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when food bolus contacts the pharyngeal wall
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Swallowing center of the brain stem
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deglutition center
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What are the nerves involved with phase 2 of swallowing
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5, 9, 10
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What are the salivary glands and what % of saliva do each of them secrete
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parotid 20
submaxillary 70 sublingual 10 |
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2 cranial nerves that stimulate the salivary nucleus
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7, 9
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How is GI activity regulated in the small intestine and large bowel
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primarily by local hormones and enteric nervous system
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Viral infection of the parotid
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Mumps
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Formation of salivary stones
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sialolithiasis
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Genetic disorder that causes difficulty swallowing and impaction
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achlasia
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Occurs when there is trauma to the deglutition center
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dysphagia
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Two main causes of GERD
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Aging of sphincter
Hiatal hernia |
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Where are parietal cells located
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fundus and corpus
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What do parietal cells do
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secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
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Where are mucus cells found
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all parts of the stomach
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What do chief cells do
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secreted pepsin and lipase
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What do the G-cells do
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secrete gastrin into blood supply of the stomach
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What does gastrin do
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causes parietal cells to release HCl
causes mucus cells to secrete mucus |
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Peristalsis activated by nerves
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primary
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Peristalsis activated by stretch
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secondary
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Converts pepsinogen into pepsin
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HCl
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Breaks down protein
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pepsin
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3 characteristics of chyme that govern stomach emptying
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osmotic pressure
fluidity pH |
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What are 3 problems associated with chronic vomiting
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loss of fluid
loss of K Metabolic alkalosis |
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Folds of the small intestine
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vavulae conniventes
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Particular parts of chyme that is most responsible for the activation of duodenum stimulation
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acid and lipid
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5 hormones released into the blood by the duodenum
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secretin
CCK Gastric inhibitory protein motilin gastrin |
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Causes secretion of bicarb from the pancreas into the duodenum
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Secretin
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Causes the liver to release bile and bile salts
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cholecystokinin
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What does CCK cause the pancreas to release
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amylase, lipase, trypsinogen
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Opening of the common pancreatic duct into the duodenum
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Papillar of vater
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Salivary amylase
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ptyalin
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Where are the enzymes maltase, glucase, and galactase found
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glycocalyx
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Breaks down peptide bonds
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carboxypolypeptidase
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Breaks down elastin products
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Proelastase
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Monoglycerides and free fatty acids are combined with proteins in the cell to form these
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chylomicrons
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How do chylomicrons make their way to the liver
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through the central lacteal
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When does swallowing occur?
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in the middle of inspiration or expiration
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Stimulation of PSNS or SNS of the stomach causes
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mucus production
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During the cephalic phase Psychic phenomena causes what to happen in the stomach
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increased motility
secretion of HCl and pepsin |
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Where is the pacemaker of the stomach
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incisura angularis
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Autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of lacrimal and saliva glands
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Sjogren's syndrome
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Ineffective myenteric plexus of lower 1/2 to 1/3 of esophagus
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achlasia
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Precancerous condition caused by GERD
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Barretts syndrome
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Three things that must be secreted in order to get an adequate amount of HCl release
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Histamine, Ach, Gastrin
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Inhibits parietal cells
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GIP
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3 factors that increase emptying rates of the stomach
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hypotonic
high sugar and starchy liquids |
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3 factors that decrease emptying rates of the stomach
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hypertonic
solid fats |
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3 factors that have an intermediate effect on emptying rates of the stomach
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isotonic
protein semi-solid |
