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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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used to estimate the potential response to endocrine, or hormone, therapy. They help in the determination of prognosis and the management of breast cancer patients
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estrogen receptor assay (ERA) and the progesterone receptor assay (PRA)
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has recently become an important clinical test to determine cellular DNA ploidy (the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell) and S-phase (the percentage of cells in active DNA synthesis
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Flow Cytometry
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biopsies attempt to remove the entire tumor
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Excisional
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biopsies remove only a portion of the tissue
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Incisional
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There are two staging classifications developed by SEER:
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Extent of Disease and Summary Stage
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The Commission on Cancer (CoC) of the American College of Surgeons requires that the _____ staging system be completed on all applicable sites and histologies.
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American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC
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Listed below are the five main categories of Summary Staging
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In situ
Localized Regionalized Distant Unknown |
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the only types of cancer that can be classified as in situ
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Carcinomas and melanomas
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If there is any evidence of invasion, nodal involvement or metastatic spread, the case is not in situ even if the pathology report so states. This is a common error in staging cervical cancer where the path report states that the cancer is "in situ with microinvasion"—such a case would be staged as
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localized
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For carcinomas, if there are lymph nodes involved with the tumor, the stage is at least
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regionalized
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If a specific chain of lymph nodes is not named and there is no indication in the chart of its location, assume that the nodes are
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regional
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If nodes, organs, or adjacent tissues are not specifically mentioned in the description of the various categories, attempt to cross-reference the term you have with those outlined. If there is no match, assume the site in question represents
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distant disease.
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If there is not enough information in the record to categorize a case, it must be recorded as
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unstageable
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The presence of malignant cells within the cell group from which they arose; no penetration of basement membrane of the tissue; no stromal invasion.
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In situ
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A malignancy limited to the organ of origin; no spread beyond organ of origin; infiltration past basement membrane of epithelium into stroma of organ.
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localized
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Methods of Spread in regionalized tumors:
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- Invasion through entire wall of organ into surrounding organs and/or adjacent tissues ("direct extension" or "contiguous spread").
-Tumor invasion of walls of lymphatics where cells can travel through lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes where they are "filtered" out and begin to grow in the nodes. -Combination of direct extension and lymph node involvement |
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Methods of Spread in distant tumors:
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-Extension from primary organ beyond adjacent tissue into next organ
-Travel in lymph channels beyond the first drainage area -Hematogenous or blood-borne metastases -Spread through fluids in a body cavity |
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The EOD coding scheme consists of a ten-digit code. It incorporates
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three digits for the size and/or involvement of the primary tumor, two for the extension of the tumor, and one more as a general code for lymph node involvement. : two for the number of pathologically positive regional lymph nodes and two more for the number of regional lymph nodes that are pathologically examined
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