Seeley A & P Ch.4

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Tissue

Back 1

collection of similar cells and the substance around them.

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four primary tissue types

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epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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histology

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study of tissues; a type of microscopic anatomy

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epithelial tissues
2 things it include- list their functions

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include epithelia and glands. Epithelia are layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces. Glands produce fluid secretions.

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cellularity

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mostly cells held closely together with very little extracellular material

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Epithelial- cells

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have free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity of internal organ and a base attached to an adjacent tissue.

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Epithelia- base surface

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rests on a basement membrane which separates it the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue

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Epithelial- basement membrane
produce by what 2 things?

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is produced by both the basal surface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue.

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Avascularity- define
they acquire nutrients by ______ or______ through___ or ____ surface.

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epithelial tissues do not contain blood vessels; they acquire nutrients by diffusion or absorption through free or basal surface.

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ET- functions- list 4 of them

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protection, barriers, produce specialized secretions, absorption of materials.

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ET- protection from

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from abrasions, dehydration, damage by chemicals, bio agents.

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ET-barriers

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block movement of substances through the epithelial layer; controls what can enter or leave the body.

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ET- produce specialized secretions

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gland cells produce secretions that may provide physical protection or act as chemical messengers

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ET- absorption

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of materials

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Classification- Epithelium- simple

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one layer of cells on basal lamina; not very protective; lines internal passageways and where absorption and secretion occur.

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stratified

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several layers of cells cover basal lamina; more protective; skin and lining of mouth

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squamous

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thin and flat cells

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cuboidal

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box-like or cube-like cells

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columnar

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tall, slender, column-like cells

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simple squamous

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lines ventral body cavity, heart, blood, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs, glomeruli of kidneys. Allows diffusion, filtration, reduces friction

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simple cuboidal

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found in glands, ducts, kidney tubules. Functions are secretion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.

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simple columnar

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lines parts of digestive tract, excretory ducts of some glands, uterine tubes. Functions are secretion, absorption and protection.

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Pseudostratified columnar - describe

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one layger of columnar cells, looks like more than one layer because some cells reach the apical surface and others don't, but all cells are attached to basement membrane. May be ciliated.

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Pseudostratified columnar- location, function

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lines parts of the respiratory tract(bronchi, trachea, nasal cavity), male reproductive tract. Secretes mucus which traps debris.

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Stratified squamous

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several layers of cells, cells at apical surface are squamous, deeper cells may be cuboidal or columnar.

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Stratified squamous- nonkeratinized vs keratinized

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Nonkerantinized stratified squamous lines the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum. keratinized found in the epidermis, function is protection.

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Stratified cuboidal

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usually two layers of cuboidal cells; lines ducts of glands ( salivary, sweat and mammary). function is protection.

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stratified columnar

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several layers of columnar cells, basal cells are usually cuboidal. lines male urethra, ducts of mammary glands and larynx. Functions are protection, secretion and some absorption.

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Transitional epithelium

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looks like stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal. Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, apical cells are squamous or rounded. Found in the urinary bladder and ureters. Allows stretching of bladder. Cells are flattened when the bladder is full, rounded when the bladder is empty.

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Free cell surfaces-smooth

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reduces friction- lines blood vessels

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microvilli

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absorption and secretion

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cilia

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movement of substance across the cell surface

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folds

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allows expansion

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cell connections- tight junction vs gap junctions

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tight- form barriers. Substances cannot pass between cells.
Gap junctions are protein channels that allow passage of molecules or ions from one cell to an adjacent cell.

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Endocrine glands

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do not have ducts; they release secretions (hormones) into the bloodstream

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Exocrine glands

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secretions reach a surface or cavity through a duct. Examples are sweat glands, mammary glands, and lacrimal glands.

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Merocrine secretion

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secretion is released by exocytosis or active transport- examples- mucus, watery sweat from eccrine sweat glands.

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Apocrine secretion

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Apical portion of cell becomes packed with secretory vesicles and is shed. Cytoplasm is lost with the secretion. Mammary glands use both merocrine and apocrine secretion.

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Holocrine secretion

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cell is packed with secretory products, cell ruptures to release the secretion. This kills the cell. the cell will be replaced by division of stem cells. ex- sebaceous glands.

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CT- characteristics

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specialized cells, extracellular matrix- ground substance and protein fibers- many are highly vascular

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CT- functions

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form capsules around organs, separate tissues and organs, connect tissues, support, movement, storage, cushioning, insulation, transport, protection.

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fibroblasts

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form fibers and ground substance in the extracellular matrix

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osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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osteoblasts produce bone matrix; osteocytes maintain bone; osteoclasts destroy bone matrix.

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macrophages

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are phagocytes, destroy pathogens, foreign matter, damaged cells; release chemicals to activate the immune system.

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adipocytes

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store fat droplets

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mesenchymal

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stem cells taht divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into other types of cells in response to injury, infection, etc.

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melanocytes

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produce and store melanin- in skin and CT of eyes

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Mast cells

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release histamines in response to injury or infection, stimularte inflammation

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lymphocytes

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migrate in the body; may become plasma cells that produce antibodies to fight diseases.

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microphages

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phagocytic WBCs, (neutrophiles and eosinophils), move though connective tissue.

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extracellular matrix

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consists of protein fibers, ground substance and fluid

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collagen fibers

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long, straight, and un-branched; they resist stretching.

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Reticular fibers

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are thin, branching fibers that form a network; they are tough and flexible.

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Elastic fibers

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stretch and return to original shape.

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Mesenchyme
what type of ground substance?
what type of tissue type?

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embryonic connective tissue; many fibroblasts, semi-fluid ground substance, very fine fibers; differentiates into all other types of connective tissue.

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Areolar
mostly what fiber?
what types of cells?
loose or tight organize?

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has mostly collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, and a variety of cells (mast cells, fibroblasts, some white blood cells, macrophages); loosely organized and very resilient.

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Areolar- function

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packing material, wraps and cushions organs

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Dense regular connective tissue
locations?
functions?
what type of fibers?

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very fibrous. Fibers run more or less in one direction. Dense Regular collagenous CT Found in ligaments and tendons; connects muscle to bone or bone to bone. Dense regular elastic CT has collagen and elastic fibers.

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Dense irregular connective tissue

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has mostly collagen fibers, and some elastic fibers, irregularly arranged. DI collagenous CT - dermis, fibrous capsules or organs and joints. DI elastic CT found in artery walls.

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Adipose

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fat tissue. Not a lot of matrix/ extracellular bc cell expanded. Store energy, stor fat droplets, very cellular (very little matrix), hypodermis-kidneys, breasts, etc.

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Reticular CT
location
function
description

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network of reticular fibers in a loose matrix, reticular cells.- provides framework for lymphatic tissue, in bone marrow and in the liver- SUPPORTING IS FUNCTION

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cartilage

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avascular, firm matrix

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hyaline
firm matix- _________ are located in ________. Forms most of ______ skeleton, covers end of ______ bones, forms _____________________________.
functions?
FIBROUS ranking in CARTILAGE.?

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firm matix- cells(chondrocytes) are located in lacunae (cavities). Forms most of embryonice skeleton, covers end of longs bones, forms costal cartilages, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and laryns. Supports, reinforces, cushions.
"SLIPPERY", GLASSLIKE, LEAST FIBROUS CARTILAGE.

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Elastic cartilage

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mor fibrous than hyaline cartilage. Located in external ear, epiglottis. Maintains shape and allows flexibility.

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fibrocartilage
type of fiber?
location?
function?

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thick collagen fibers in matrix, found in intervertebral discs and some joints. Provides tensile strength and absorbs shock (in vetebrate).

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Bone (osseous tissue)

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matrix is hard due to mineral deposits. many collagen fibers. Cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae. Funtions- supports, protects, stores minerals, movement, hematopoiesis. - blood cell formation.

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Blood

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has liquid plasma matrix. Formed elements are read blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Function; transports respiratory gases (oxy and CO2), nutrients, hormones, wastes, etc.

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Hemopoietic tissue

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is red bone marrow in cavities of bones. It produces red blood cells and white blood cells.

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Muscle tissue

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is specialized for contracting.

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Muscle tissues
vascular or avascular?
why do they call fibers?
contain what that involved with muscle contraction?

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are very cellular, well vascularized. Muscle cells are called fibers because of their elongated shapes. Muscle cells contain myofilaments (actin and myosin) that are
involved with muscle contraction.

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Skeletal muscle
what type of cell?
uni or multinucleated?
striated? why or why not?
functions?

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: long cylindrical cells, multinucleate. Arrangement of myofilaments
gives skeletal muscle a striated appearance when viewed with a microscope. Skeletal
muscles are attached to bone or skin, and used for movement, facial expression etc.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle because it is under conscious control.

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Cardiac muscle:
uni or multi nucleated?
striated or unstriated?

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branching cells, connected at junctions called intercalated discs.is involuntary because it is not under conscious control.
is uninucleate and striated.
is located only in the heart.

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Smooth muscle:
what type of cells?
striated?
are myofilaments present?
uni or multinucleate?
locations?

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small spindle-shaped cells, tapered at the ends. Smooth muscle is
nonstriated (myofilaments are present but are arranged differently than in skeletal
muscle and cardiac muscle). Smooth muscle is uninucleate. It is located in the walls of
hollow organs, in blood vessels, skin, eyes, etc. It is involuntary.