Section 9 Essentials Of Firefighting

Front 1

The principle that a person can report to only one supervisor.

Back 1

Unity of Command

Front 2

Directly, each subordinate reports to _ boss; however, indirectly, everyone reports to the fire chief through the chain of ________.

Back 2

1, Command

Front 3

The pathway of responsibility from the highest level of the department to the lowest.

Back 3

Chain of Command

Front 4

The number of personnel one individual can effectively manage.

Back 4

Span of Control

Front 5

As a rule of thumb in the fire service how many firefighters can an officer directly supervise effectively?

Back 5

3 to 7

Front 6

Dividing large jobs into small jobs. These small jobs are then assigned to specific individuals.

Back 6

Division of Labor

Front 7

What are the 3 reasons why the Division of Labor is necessary in the fire service?

Back 7

To assign responsibility, To prevent duplication of effort, To make specific and clear-cut assignments

Front 8

Traditionally, discipline as applied to organization has been understood to mean a well-_________, adequetely structured, ________ operation. However, in this instance discipline refers to an organization's responsibility to provide the direction need to satisfy the goals and ________ it has identified.

Back 8

Organized, Uniform, Objectives

Front 9

In other words, ________ is setting the limits or boundaries for expected performance and ________ them.

Back 9

Discipline, Enforcing

Front 10

This direction may come in the form of rules, _________, or policies, but regardless of the term used, it must define how the department plans to _______.

Back 10

Regulations, Operate

Front 11

The rules of the organization must be clearly _______ and presented.

Back 11

Written

Front 12

A guide to decision making within an organization. It originates mostly with top management in the Fire Dept. and points to the kinds of decisions that must be made by the fire officers or other management personnel in specific situations.

Back 12

Policy

Front 13

A kind of formal communication closely related to policy, it is a detailed guide to action. It describes in writing the steps to be followed in carrying out organizational policy for some specific, recurring probelm or situation.

Back 13

Procedure

Front 14

Accidents in the profession can result in costly losses - what is the greatest loss?

Back 14

Death of a firefighter

Front 15

Other losses may include lost manpower (due to injury), _______ equipment (which may be expensive to repair or replace), and legal _________.

Back 15

Damaged, Expenses

Front 16

In order to prevent losses, it is necessary to prevent the accidents that cause them. What will save lives and money?

Back 16

Reducing accidents

Front 17

What are the 2 basic factors that motivate accident control efforts within the fire fighting profession?

Back 17

Life safety and Economy

Front 18

While interrelated with economics, stems from the natural desire to prevent needless suffering from physical pain or emotional stress.

Back 18

Life Safety Factor

Front 19

Includes legal expenses and expenses caused by the loss of manpower, apparatus, equipment, tools, property, or systems.

Back 19

Economic Factor

Front 20

Firefighters have traditionally accepted ______ and related losses as part of their vocation.

Back 20

Injuries

Front 21

Knowing their job to be one of the most hazardous, many firefighters are resigned to occupational accidents, injuries, and ________; this is compounded by the stereotypical image of the firefighter as ______ and fearless in the face of danger.

Back 21

Fatalities, Heroic

Front 22

Most firefighter injuries, however, are a direct result of _________ accidents. The firefighter should be too smart and too ___________ to take unneccessary risks.

Back 22

Preventable, Professional

Front 23

What NFPA Standard on Fire Dept Occupational Safety and Health Program contains the minimum requirements and procedures for safety and health programs?

Back 23

NFPA 1500

Front 24

The basic concept of NFPA 1500 is to apply the same degree of ______ throughout the fire service regardless of individual status or type or organization.

Back 24

Safety

Front 25

Success of safety programs will begin at the ___ of the FD administraition chain. The administration's attitude toward safety invariably reflected in the ________ of the supervising officers, which in turn affects firefighters.

Back 25

Top, Attitude

Front 26

What are the 3 main goals of any good safety program?

Back 26

1. Prevent human suffering, deaths, injuries, illnesses, and exposures to hazardous atmospheres and contagious diseases.
2. Prevent damage/loss of equipment
3. Reduce the incidence and severity of accidents and hazardous exposures

Front 27

Effective safety programs become a matter of developing, ________, and practicing an ongoing attitude of involvement thoughout the organizations.

Back 27

Promoting

Front 28

If 1 person does not abide by rules, chances are others will ______.

Back 28

Follow

Front 29

It is not enough to teach safety practices; they must be _________ and enforced.

Back 29

Practices

Front 30

Breaking bad habits will not be easy for some, and once the new procedures are __________, everyone must ________ them. If not, people will revert back to the old procedures.

Back 30

Established, Maintain

Front 31

The transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages and is not specific event such as ignition.

Back 31

Flashover

Front 32

During flashover, conditions in the compartment change very ______ as the fire changes from one that is dominated by the burning of the materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed _________ surfaces within the compartment.

Back 32

Rapidly, Combustible

Front 33

The ___-gas layer that develops at the ceiling level during the growth stage causes radiant heating of combustible materials remot from the _____ of the fire.

Back 33

Hot, Origin

Front 34

Typically, how much radiant energy (heat flux) does the hot-gas layer exceed during flashover?

Back 34

20 kW/m2

Front 35

What does radiant heating cause in the combustible materials in the compartment?

Back 35

Pyrolysis

Front 36

The gases generated during this time are heated to their _______ temperature by the radiant energy from the gas layer at the ceiling.

Back 36

Ignition

Front 37

While scientists define flashover in many ways, most base their definition on the temperature in a compartment that results in the __________ ignition of all of the combustible contents in the space.

Back 37

Simultaneous

Front 38

While no exact temperature is associated with flashover, a range from approximately ___F to ____F is widely used

Back 38

900 1200

Front 39

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of the most common gases given off from pyrolysis. What is the ignition temperature (CO)?

Back 39

1128 F

Front 40

Prior to flashover; Temperatures are rapidly _______, additional ____ packages are becoming involved, and fuel packages in the compartment are giving off combustible ______ resulting from pyrolysis.

Back 40

Increasing, Fuel, Gases

Front 41

The heat release from a fully developed room at flashover can be on the order of _____ kW or more.

Back 41

10,000

Front 42

As the fire grows in a compartment, large volumes of hot ______ fire gases can collect in unventilated _____.

Back 42

Unburned, Spaces

Front 43

These gases may be at or above their ignition __________ but have insufficient oxygen available to actually ______.

Back 43

Temperature, Ignite

Front 44

Any action during fire fighting operations that allows air to mix with these hot gases can result in an explosive ignition called?

Back 44

Backdraft

Front 45

How can the potential of backdraft be reduced?

Back 45

Proper vertical ventilation (opening at the highest point) because the unburned gases rise.

Front 46

What are the 6 conditions that may indicate the potential for a backdraft?

Back 46

1. Pressurized smoke exiting small openings
2. Black smoke becoming dense gray yellow
3. Confinement and excessive heat
4. Little of no visible flame
5. Smoke leaving the building in puffs or at intervals (appearance of breathing)
6. Smoke-stained windows

Front 47

As fuel burns the chemical composition of the material ______. This change results in the production of new substances and the generation of ______. As a fuel is burned, some of it is actually consumed.

Back 47

Changes, Energy

Front 48

What is the Law that tells us that any mass lost converts to energy?

Back 48

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Front 49

Burning also results in the generations of airborne fire gases, particles, and _______.

Back 49

Liquids

Front 50

In addition ot being responsible for the spread of a fire, heat also causes burns, _________, heat exhaustion, and injury to a person's ________ tract.

Back 50

Dehydrations, Respiratory

Front 51

What causes most deaths in fires?

Back 51

Smoke

Front 52

The smoke generated in fire contains narcotic (asphyxiant) gases and _______.

Back 52

Irritants

Front 53

Narcotic or asphyxiant gases are those products of combustion that cause ______ ________ depression, which results in reduced awareness, _________, loss of consciousness or death.

Back 53

Central Nervous, Intoxication

Front 54

What are 3 common narcotic gases found in smoke?

Back 54

1. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Front 55

Irritants in smoke are substances that cause _______ discomfort (pulmonary irritants) and inflamation of the eyes, respiratory tract, and ____ (sensory irritants).

Back 55

Breathing, Skin

Front 56

What is the most hazardous narcotic gases that is always present when combustion occurs?

Back 56

Carbon Monoxide

Front 57

Carbon Monoxide is most easily detected in the ______ of fire victims and thus most often reported.

Back 57

Blood

Front 58

Because the substances in smoke from compartment fires are deadly (either alone or in combustion). What must firefighters wear for protection when operating in smoke?

Back 58

SCBA

Front 59

The visible, luminous body of burning gas is called?

Back 59

Flame

Front 60

When a burning gas is mixed with the proper amounts of ______, the flame becomes hotter and less _______.

Back 60

Oxygen, Luminous

Front 61

The lose of luminosity is caused by a more complete _________ of the carbon. For these reasons, flame is considered to be a product of combustion. And no flame is present in _________ fires.

Back 61

Combustion, Smoldering