Section 7

Front 1

TRUE or FALSE

We do not want to always control microbial growth.

Back 1

True.

Front 2

Microbes that share habitats are ______________.

Back 2

Ubiquitous.

Front 3

Ubiquitous microbes often involve _________ interactions.

Back 3

Nutritional.

Front 4

The intimate relationships between the microorganisms and the human body are an example of ____________. (living together)

Back 4

Symbiosis.

Front 5

Microorganisms that do not require a relationship for survival are _________________. (free-living)

Back 5

Non-Symbiotic.

Front 6

Gut microbes and their animal host is an example of _______________.

Back 6

Mutualism.

Front 7

An association in which BOTH partners benefit is called?

Back 7

Mutualism.

Front 8

Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium is typically found in the _________. (normal microbiota)

Back 8

Nose.

Front 9

Bacteroides, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, and Enterococcus is typically found in the ________ ____________.

(normal microbiota)

Back 9

Large Intestines.

Front 10

Streptococcus, Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Mycoplasma are typically found in the ___________.

(normal microbiota)

Back 10

Throat.

Front 11

Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium is typically found on the ________. (normal microbiota)

Back 11

Skin.

Front 12

Lactobacillus is typically found in the ____________. (normal microbiota)

Back 12

Vagina.

Front 13

Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Leptotrichia, and Veillonella is typically found in the _________. (normal microbiota)

Back 13

Mouth.

Front 14

Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, and Bacteroides is typically found in the _____________. (normal microbiota)

Back 14

Urethra.

Front 15

___________ ____________ is the population of microorganisms routinely found on or inside the body of healthy individuals.

Back 15

Normal Microbiota.

Front 16

___________ _____________ are microbes that typically inhabit body sites for extended periods of time.

Back 16

Resident Microbiota.

Front 17

TRUE or FALSE

Transient microbiota are the ones that cause disease.

Back 17

False.

Front 18

TRUE or FALSE

The lower respiratory track is known to harbor normal microbiota.

Back 18

False.

Front 19

The number of persons dying from an infectious disease is the _____________ rate.

Back 19

Mortality.

Front 20

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the ______________ rate

Back 20

Morbidity.

Front 21

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is an __________________.

Back 21

Endemic.

Front 22

A disease that is increasing in numbers in more than one continent is an __________________.

Back 22

Pandemic.

Front 23

A disease that shows no predictable pattern as far as number and location is considered an ____________________.

Back 23

Sporadic.

Front 24

An interaction between organisms where both organisms benefit from the interaction is referred as _________________.

Back 24

Mutualism.

Front 25

An interaction between organisms where one organism is harmed and the other organism may or may not directly benefit is referred as ___________________.

Back 25

Parasitism.

Front 26

When microbes in close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is not benefited or harmed is referred as _______________________.

Back 26

Commensalism.

Front 27

Relationship between two organisms where two separate and free living organisms are put together and create a unique or enhanced product is referred as _________________.

Back 27

Synergism.

Front 28

Competition between organisms for space or resources is referred as _________________.

Back 28

Antagonism.

Front 29

Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are _____________ ______________.

Back 29

Biological Vectors.

Front 30

An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents is called a ___________.

Back 30

Fomite.

Front 31

TRUE of FALSE

A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother's blood is capable of crossing the placenta to the fetal circulation and tissues.

Back 31

True.

Front 32

This pattern happens when an established infection breaks off and travels to other tissues causing an infection in another area of the body

Back 32

Focal infection.

Front 33

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are the persons own _____________ __________.

Back 33

Normal biota.

Front 34

TRUE or FALSE

In order for an infection to occur the microbe must enter host in numbers at or above the infectious dose.

Back 34

True.

Front 35

Steps in disease progression:

Organism enters host through portal of entry

Back 35

STEP 1

Front 36

Steps in disease progression:

Organism attaches to host

Back 36

STEP 2

Front 37

Steps in disease progression:

Organism avoids host defense mechanisms.

Back 37

STEP 3

Front 38

Steps in disease progression:

Organism begins to multiply and causes pathological effects.

Back 38

STEP 4

Front 39

Steps in disease progression:

Organisms exit through an exit portal and move on to infect other hosts

Back 39

STEP 5

Front 40

Opportunistic pathogens are least likely to affect which of the following groups?

(a) Aids patients

(b) Cancer patients

(c) College students

(d) Drug addicts

(e) Transplant recipients

Back 40

(C) - College Students

Front 41

Capsules and M protein are thought to interfere with which of the following?

(a) Opsonization by complement proteins

(b) Opsonization by antibodies

(c) Recognition by T Cells

(d) Recognition by B Cells

(e) Phagosome-lyseome fusion

Back 41

(A) - Opsonization by complement proteins

Front 42

The C5a peptidase enzyme of streptococcus pyogenes breaks down C5a, resulting in...

(a) Lysis of the Streptococcus cells

(b) Lack of opsonization of Streptococcus cells

(c) Killing of phagocytes

(d) Decreased accumulation of phagocytes

(e) inhibition of membrane attack complexes

Back 42

(D) - Decreased accumulation of phagocytes

Front 43

All of the following are known mechanisms of avoiding the effects of antibodies except...

(a) Antigenic variation

(b) Mimicking "self"

(c) Synthesis of an Fe receptor

(d) Synthesis of IgG protease

(e) Remaining intracellular.

Back 43

(D) - Synthesis of IgG protease

Front 44

Which of the following statements about diphtheria toxin is false?

(a) It is an example of an endotoxin

(b) It is produced by corynebacterium

(c) It inhibits protein synthesis

(d) It can cause local damage to the throat

(e) It can cause systemic damage to organs such as the heart.

Back 44

(A) - It is an example of endotoxin

Front 45

Bacteria use _____________ to bind/attach to host cells.

Back 45

Adhesins.

Front 46

______________ are proteins that have very specific damaging effects; they may act locally or cause dramatic systemic effects.

Back 46

Exotoxins.

Front 47

Microbes that normally live on the skin, in the alimentary tract, and other sites in humans is referred to as ____________ ____________.

Back 47

Normal Microbiota.

Front 48

TRUE or FALSE

Every human contains about 10 trillion cells and 100 trillion microbes.

Back 48

True.

Front 49

TRUE or FALSE

The most number of microbes live in the mouth.

Back 49

False. The most number of microbes live in the intestines.

Front 50

TRUE or FALSE

The least number of microbes live on the skin.

Back 50

False. The least number of microbes live in the upper respiratory tract.

Front 51

_____________ ___________ is the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products.

Back 51

Infectious Disease.

Front 52

Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defense, enter the tissue and multiply is referred to as an _________________.

Back 52

Infection.

Front 53

________________ __________ is any characteristic that increases pathogenicity.

Back 53

Virulence Factor

Front 54

An individual who is inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice is referred to as a _____________. (person)

Back 54

Carrier.

Front 55

An individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired is referred to as a ______________. (person or object)

Back 55

Source.

Front 56

The primary habitat in the natural world which a pathogen originates is referred to as a ___________________. (environment)

Back 56

Reservoir.

Front 57

___________ carriers transfer infectious agents through contact.

Back 57

Passive.

Front 58

What is an ”infectious dose”?

Back 58

Infectious dose (ID) - is the amount of pathogen required to cause an infection in the host.

Front 59

_________________ is the study of epidemics

Back 59

Epidemiology.

Front 60

_______________ is the number of new cases over a certain time period. (frequency)

Back 60

Incidence.

Front 61

__________________ is the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population. (frequency)

Back 61

Prevalence.

Front 62

An _______________ is a sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population.

Back 62

Epidemic.

Front 63

Endotoxins are gram-______________ species only.

Back 63

Negative.

Front 64

TRUE or FALSE

Exotoxins are both gram-positive and gram-negative.

Back 64

True.

Front 65

____________________ is an organisms potential to cause infection or disease.

Back 65

Pathogenicity.

Front 66

A _________ _______________, as long as it comes into contact with a host will cause an infection or disease.

Back 66

True Pathogens.

Front 67

____________________ ______________ can only cause infection and disease if the host is in a weak state. (i.e. Immune system)

Back 67

Opportunistic Pathogens.

Front 68

An infection is caused by a _________________

Back 68

Pathogen

Front 69

Type and severity of infection depend on ______________________ of the organism and the condition of the host.

Back 69

Pathogenicity.

Front 70

The healthier the host the _______ severe the infection is going to appear.

Back 70

Less.

Front 71

The degree of pathogenicity is referred to as __________________.

Back 71

Virulence.

Front 72

Virulence is determined by its ability to...

1.)

2.)

Back 72

1.) Establish itself in the host.

2.) Cause damage.

Front 73

Any characteristic that increases pathogenicity is called a _______________ ____________.

Back 73

Virulence Factor.

Front 74

Microbes enters the tissues of the body by a ____________ ___ _________

Back 74

Portal of Entry.

Front 75

What are the basic portals of entry?

Back 75

Skin, Respiratory Tract, GI Tract, Urogenital.

Front 76

The simplest type of infection is a __________ ________________.

Back 76

Local Infection.

Front 77

Boils, Fungal skin infections, and warts are an example of what type of infection?

Back 77

Local Infection.