Section 3

Front 1

Energy for Excercise

Back 1

Non oxidative ATP PCR Phosphagen under 15 seconds. Anaerobic glycolysis (carb)Under 2 minutes

Oxidative Aerobic carb Glycolosis Kreb ETC Fat and protein more than 2 minutes

Front 2

ATP

ATP PCR

ATP + PCR + muscle glycogen

Muscle glycogen plus lactic acid

muscle glycogen plus fatty acids

Back 2

anaerobic 1-5 seconds

anaerobic 5-20 seconds

anaerobic lactic 20-50 seconds

Aerobic and anaerobic 120-240

aerobic 240 plus

Front 3

ATP/adenosine triphosphate

Back 3

Known as ATP ATP is a nucleotide composed of an adenine molecule• A sugar molecule (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups

Front 4

Anaerobic energy production

Back 4

Stored ATPThere is a small amount of ATP stored within cells Breakdown of CP (PCr) Coupled to ATPFormation.creatine prosphate (CP) is stored within themuscle and serves as a reservoir of Phosphate Formation of ATP from ADP Once ATP has been hydrolyzed, the resulting ADPcan be used to make ATP

Front 5

Phosphagen system

Back 5

Occur in the cytoplasm/cytosol ofthe cell Very powerful system for generatingenergy Limited in terms of capacity Example activities:• Golf Swing• Throwing• Any event less than 15 seconds

Front 6

Glycolysis

Back 6

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate moleculesreactions use 2 atpReaction make 4 ATP

Net ATP = 2 glucose molecules

Front 7

Glycolysis Net equation

Back 7

Net Equation for GlycolysisGlucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+positive

2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O Pi = Inorganic Phosphate

NAD+/NADH = Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Front 8

Energy pathways

Back 8

Under anaerobic conditions (e.g.sprinting), NADH, H+ and pyruvate areformed into lactate Under aerobic conditions (e.g. marathonrunning), NADH, H+ and pyruvate moveinto the mitochondria, undergo aerobicmetabolism (i.e.Krebs cycle Etc)

Front 9

lactate

Back 9

increase of Acid (H)PH drops • impairs enzyme of energy (ATP) formation • H+ interferes with muscles ability to contract • H+ affects the brain causing pain, nausea, anddisorientation • Impairs oxygen delivery to cells • Impair fat oxidation • Can limit physical performance

Front 10

anaerobic metabolism

Back 10

Certain cells of the body have a very highdemand for ATP, and cannot survive on the lowamounts of ATP produced during anaerobic metabolism• Brain death occurs within 2-3 minutes of no oxygen Simple organisms (e.g. yeasts) can carry out anaerobic metabolism (i.e. fermentation) and survive on the low ATP yield • Instead of producing lactate, they convert the pyruvate to ethylalcohol and CO2

Front 11

Fast VS Slow

Back 11

Think about glycolysis as either• fast Lots of pyruvate made, more than the mitochondria canhandle, so lactic acid is made= anaerobic glycolysis •slow Small amounts of pyruvate made, so the mitochondria cankeep up, then little to no lactic acid is made= aerobic glycolysis Threshold separates accumulation of lactate Human muscle cells do not ever really “run out” of oxygen (until circulation or breathingstop...)

Front 12

Aerobic Metabolism

Back 12

Under aerobic condition, the byproducts ofglycolysis (NAD h Positive) are shuttled intothe mitochondria • Pyruvate formed into acetyl Coa then shuttledinto mitochondria

Front 13

Krebs cycle

Back 13

Occurs in the mitochondria Begins with acetyl CoA and through a series of reactions breaks it down completely to CO2 Produces 1 net ATP • 2 acetyl CoA enter per glucose that startedglycolysis, we gain 2 ATP A number of hydrogen atoms are removed andtaken to the electron transport chain

Front 14

ETC

Back 14

Occurs in mitochondria transported to ETC by NAD34 atps Net ATP production = 34 ATPseries of enzymes called CytochromesCyanide, the ETC and Krebs Aka respiratory chainor oxidativephosphorylation. NAD is recycled afterdropping off H+

Front 15

ETC 2

Back 15

Most of the ATP during aerobic metabolismis produced in the ETC • NET ATP Production= _________________ The ETC has a series of enzymes called “________________________”• Hydrogen atoms pass form one cytochrome to the next, then finally binds the hydrogen atom to oxygen ______________________, the ETC and Krebs cycle cannot function • Cyanide is an inhibitor of the terminal cytochromeenzyme

Front 16

Lipids

Back 16

The breaking downof triglyceride (lipids)via the action oflipase (enzyme) iscalled lipolysis 1 triglyceride =1 glyceride+3 fatty acids

Front 17

Fat energy

Back 17

A 16 carbon fat molecule yields 131 • While a 6 carbon carbohydrate molecule yields 38 ATP• 1 gram of fat = 9 kcal• 1 gam of CHO = 4 kcal BUT,,, fat fuel use requires:• more enzymatic steps (slower process...)• more oxygen per ATP formed

Front 18

Applied metabolism

Back 18

1 gram of CHO = 4kcal 1 gram of fat = 9kcal 1 gram of protein = 4kcal 1 lb of body mass = 3500 kcal Rough estimates of energy expenditure... Lifting weights for 1 hour = 300 kcal Running/cycling/aerobics for 1 hour = 600-800 kcal Walking/jogging/running 1 mile = 80=120 kcal (depends on body mass than speed of movement)

Front 19

Nutrition guidelines

Back 19

Carbohydrate (45-65% of calories)• 1 hour of training per day: 5.9-6.0 grams of CHO/kg/day• 2 hours of training per day: 6.0-7.9 grams of CHO/kg/day• 3 hours of training per day: 7.9-12 grams of CHO/kg/day• 4 hours of training or more per day: 12.0-12.9 grams of CHO/kg/day Fat (20-30% of calories)• No more specific guidelines Protein (15% of calories)• RDA recommendation: .8 grams of protein/kg/day• Active, noncompetitive individuals: 1.0-1.2 grams of protein/kg/day• Competitive athletes: 1.8-2.0 grams of protein/kg/day