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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Events leading to the Scientific Revolution
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Discovery of the New World , invention of the printing press, Rivalry among Nation-Sates, Reformation, and the Reniassace Humanism all lead up to the Scientific Revolution. All these factors had too deal with new technology or a new way of thinking.
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Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274) and Scholasticism
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Scholasticism are the veiws of he Medieval world. It was a synthesis of Christian theology based on scientific beliefs of ancient writers. Thomas Aquinas was one of the great architect of this synthesis.
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Ptolemy and the Medieval Universe
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He was a Greek astronomer, who's idea's were't Questioned in the Middle ages. They were the Ptolemaic System
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Nicholas Copernicus(1473-1543)
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He was a Polish mathmatician and astronomer. He wrote a book, Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. He was afraid of some of the ideas in his book so once it was finished it took him a while to get the courage to publish it. His book said the planets revolved around the sun in a circular position.
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Tycho Brahe(1546-1601) & Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)
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Brahe had an idea that the moon and sun revolved around the Earth and that the other planets revolved around the sun.
Kepler was his student, he said that the planets didn't move in a circular orcit but instead in a elliptical one. |
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Galileo(1564-1642)
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He was from Florence, and was the first person to build on Copernicus' work. He made a telescope that could magnify somthing 30 times the naked eye's ability. He made many discoveries about the moon and other planets, he also published many books. Pope Urban VIII put him under house arrest when he thought that one of Galileo's writings was making fun of him.
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Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727)
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He wanted to solve the problem that Capernicus, Kepler, and Galileo brought up. He worked and studied for almost 2 decades before he published the Principia. He decided that the planets stayed in orbit and didn't travel in a straight line like it should have. He was also very religious and made many more discoveries, like calculus.
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Francis Bacon(1561-1626)
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He was a lawyer, a historian, an essayist, and an offical in king James I court. He attacked medieval scholasticism, by saying that the idea was complete. Now the scholars were to elaborate on the existing knowledge. He said that instead of relying on tradition look and examine the evidence from nature.
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Rene Descartes(1596-1650)
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He was a French philosopher who invented analytical mathematics. He thought using reason was a better way to provide a better way of understanding the universe than relying on the experimental method.
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Blaise Pascal(1623-1662)
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He wanted to balance what he saw as the dogmatic thinking of the Jesuits. He believed in in the total sinfulness of humans and the need for salvation through faith.
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Thomas Hobbes(1588-1676) and Absolutism
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He knew many of the great scientic minds of the time and he tried to apply the experimental methods that they use to studt nature to study politics. He thought that humans were like aminals, were are drived by appetites instead of nobel thoughts. Absolutism is the thought that man formed states are necessary constructs that work to restrain human urges to destroy eachother.
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John Locke(1632-1704)
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He wrote Two Treatises on Government, which was a basis of the Bill of Rights, and was critical for the FOunding of the U.S. He believed that people were borm free and if a government took away the right of freedom and property people have the right to rebel.
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philosophes
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These were ideas thought up by philosopers. People would produce them in pamphlets and spead them around.
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Voltaire(1694-1778)
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He was born in France but was happyer living in England. He was a deist, he believed in God creating the earth but once he was done he steped back and let science take over. He became a intellectual celebrity in Europe after he was involved in the case of Jean Calas, who was accused of killing his son.
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Montesquieu(1689-1755)
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He wrote probally the most inspiring work of the enlightenment, Spirit of the Laws. He as inspired by British political systems. He was anti-slavery, he said it was against natural law.
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Diderot(1713-1784)
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He made the first Encyclopedia in 1751, It had ideas of many of the great minds at the time, but also had articles about tools. It was important in spreading the Enlightenment ideas.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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He believed in a constitutional monarchy. he believed in the creation of direct democracy. During his life he wasn't popluar and his work wern't read a lot, but after his death he was more popular.
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Immanuel Kant(1724-1804)
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He was hte greatest figure in the German Enlightenment. He believed that the mind shaped the world through its unique experiences. He believed that that knowledge exist beyond what can be achieved by reason.
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Cesare Beccaria(1738-1794)
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He believed that people who were accused of crimes also had basic rights that need ed to be respected. He was against capitol punishment and torture . His ideas are the overall theme of humanitarianism in the Enlightenment.
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David Hume(1711-1776)
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In his book, Inquiry into Human Nature, he doubted relgion he said that here is no proof that the existences of those miracles that are the heart of Christianity tradition.
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Edward Gibbon(1737-1794)
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He had a interest in history and wrote the book, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He said that the rise of Christianity in the Empire weakened it.
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Adam Smith(1723-1790)
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He believed that a person should be free tp pursue economic gain by without being restricted by the State.
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Marquise de Pompadour
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She was one of the main reasons that the Encyclopedia was published. She helped it pass censorship.
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Mary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797)
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She was an Englishwoman who wrote the, Vindication of the Rights of Women. In this book she said that women should have the right to vote, and hold political office.
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Enlightened absolutists (aka.despots)
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They were monarchs who could toy with the ideas of the philosophes without threatening their power. They found that that the ideas of the philosophes about economics and education could combine and make thier nations stronger.
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Fredrich William
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He was refered to as the "Great Elector." He was the first ruler of Prussia that tap into the states potntial. He was able to aquire a big army and build an alliance with the Prussian nobiliy, the Junkers.
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Fredrick the Great
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Prussia reached its height under his rule from (1740-1786). He freed al the serfs on royal estates, but the ones on private property were still enslaved. He got rid of Capitol punishment and limited the corporal punishments on serfs.
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Maria Theresa
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She was a Empress in Austria. He pushed for a series of reforms to remove some of the hardships on serfs.
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Pragmatic Sactio and the War of the Austrian Succession
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This war lasted for 8 years (1740-1748). When Charles VI, the Emporer of the Holy Roman Empire, died with no male heir and his daughter took the throne Prussia and France thought they could get territory awat from Austria.
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Diplomatic Revolution
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Count Kaunitz made this Revolution. He got France to becoame an ally with Austria. Russia and Sweden signed and became allys also. They took away a lot of land From Prussia.
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Peter the Great
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He ruled from 1682-1725. He tried to Westernize Europe. he made St. Petersburg in 1703. He made the first Russian Navy. As his state grew bigger he neighboring states grew weaker like the Ottoman Empire.
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Cathrine the Great
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She ruled Russia from 1762- 1796. She also tried to Westernize Russia, she brought a lot of French culture to Russia.
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Poland/ Battle of Tannenberg
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The Battle of Tannenberg was when the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth defeated the Teutonic Knights. His happened when the Polish Queen married the Lithuanian Grand Duke.
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Three Partitions of Poland
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The first Partition in1772 made Poland loose 30 percent of its land. The second in 1793 made Poland loose a lot of land in the eastern part of the country and made it a small state. In 1795 the third and last partition wiped Poland off the map.
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Robert Walpole
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He was the first prime Minister of England. The title wasn't recognized until 1905. He was the Chancellor of the Ezchequer. He was able to control the House of Commons.
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Reign of Louis XV
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He ruled France from 1714 to 1774. he tried to get rid of the Jansenists, a sect of Catholicism. He got rid of the parlements. But Louis XVI brought parlement back to gain favor with the nobles.
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