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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biological organization? |
The comparison of life on all levels from simplest to complex: e.g. cells, tissue, organs, organisms, populations, ecosystems and etc.
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Name the 8 characteristics/functions of life |
1)Organization:structurally made of 1 more more cells 4)Reproduction: Able to produce new organisms 5)Response: Ability to respond to environmental stimuli 6) Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal environment 7) Nutrition and excretion: Take in nutrients and remove wastes 8) Adaptation: The ability to change in a response to enviroment |
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Name the 3 elements of cell theory |
1) All things are composed of one or more cells |
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What did Robert Hooke contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He found observed and described the first cells: dead cork cells. He called the things he saw "cells" as it reminded him of jail cells. |
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What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He observed the first living cells and called them animalcules: blood, pond water, teeth scrapings. |
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What did Matthias Schleiden contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He was a botanist and he claimed that plants are made up of cells |
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What did Theodor Schwann contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He is a zoologist an stated that animals were made up of cells |
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What did Francesco Redi contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He disproved spontaneous generation: rotting meat experiment w/ flies |
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What did Louis Pasteur contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He furthermore proved that spontaneous generation does not exist: flask experiement |
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What did Rudolph Virchow contribute to the development of cell theory? |
He observed cells dividing, and stated that new cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells |
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Where the first cells come from? |
Non-living things/material |
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The microscope was a product of _____________ |
The development of cell theory |
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What are the 3 parameters of the microscope? Explain them, |
1) Magnification: ratio of image size to actual size |
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What is a light microscope? |
It uses visible light to go through the speciemen to go into one (simple) or two (compound) glass lenses. The lenses refract light to magnify the specimen. |
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What is a dissecting microscope? |
Used to observe big things and low magnification: e.g. things we can see with naked eye. There is a large working distance between stage and objective lenses. The most unique feature of this microscope is that it can create a 3D view of the specimen. |
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What is a florescence microscope? |
Specimens are treated with fluorescent molecules and then put under ultra violet light which causes the molecules to emit light of different wavelengths. |
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What is a confocal microscope (CLSM)? |
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What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)? |
Uses electrons to pass through the specimen. Useful for looking on the interior of specimens. |
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What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)? |
Uses electrons to bounce of a specimen to create a 3-D image on the surface. The specimen is usually coated in something dense in electrons (gold). |
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List 5 main differences between light and electron microscopes |
1) Wavelengths, light is 400-700 nm and TEM and SEM is 0.005 nm 4) Light shows speciement in colour while electron doesn't |
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How do you calculate total magnification? |
(Ocular power)(Objective power) |
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How do you calculate FOV? |
(Total mag. low) * (FOV low) |
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How do you calculate actual size? |
(FOV power) (Fraction of FOV is taken up by object) |
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How do you calculate scale? |
Actual size of object (um) |
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How do you calculate drawing magnification? |
Drawing size of object |
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What are the two categories that living things separate into? Explain what they are. |
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells don't have a distinct nucleus, and Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. |
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Which are larger Prokaryotic cells or Eukaryotic? |
Prokaryotic, they lack organelles |
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Which came first Prokaryotic cells or Eukaryotic? |
Eukaryotic cells are bigger than Prokaryotic cells as they have organelle and a nucleus |
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What are the three most common cell shapes? |
-Spherical (cocci) |
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What are the major difference between common Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotic cells: |
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How do Prokaryotic cells reproduce? Explain the process. |
Binary fission, which is cellular division. |
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What is the cell wall's purpose? What is it made of? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Maintains the cell's shape and prevents mechanical damage. It is made out of cellulose. It is only present in plant cells. You can see in under a microscope. |
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What is the plasma membrane's purpose? What is it made of? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
A flexible phospolipid bilayer surrounding the cell that is a selectively permeable barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. Regulates things that go in and out of the cell. It is made out of phospholipids. It is present in both types of cells. Yes/no visibility under microscope: you can see border not membrane itself. |
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What is the cytoplasm's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
A semifluid substance (jelly like) contained dissolved substances. Organelles and other components are surrounded by it. It is present in both animal and plant cells. Yes you can see it under a microscope (empty space) |
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What is the cytoskeleton's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
A network of fibers (microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments) that give mechanical support and maintain the cell's shape. It is present in both cells, and not visible under a microscope. |
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What is the centrosomes and centrioles purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Cylindrical structures (licorice like) just outside of the nucleus that organize microtubles in the cell and aid in cell division (seperation push + combining pull). They are present only in animal cells and are not visible under a microscope. |
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What is the flagella and cilia purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Cilia are tiny hair like extensions that move back and forth to propel the cell. Flagella are long whip like tails that use a snake-like motion to propel the cell (sperm cells). Only in animal cells. Cilia is harder to see under microscope, flagella is easy. |
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What is the nucleus's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Nucleus contains all the DNA (chromatin is DNA and proteins), the genetic material of the cell and directs all cellular activities. The densely stained part of the nucleus is called the nucleolus, where ribosomes are made. Nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and has nuclear pores to allow transportation of materials in and out of nucleus. Seen in both plant and animal cells and the nucleus is visible under the microscope, however not the DNA, nuclear envelope or pores. |
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What is the ribosome's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
They translate genetic information (specifically RNA) into proteins. Free ribosomes, are suspended in the cytosol/cytoplasm. Make proteins that function in the cytosol/cytoplasm (e.g. enzymes). Bound ribosomes are attached to the rough ER or clear envelope. They proteins that are made from bound ribosomes are inserted into membrane, packaged within organelles or exported from the cell. These are present in both cells and are definitely not visible under a microscope. |
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What is the ER's (smooth and rough) purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Rough ER: A network of interconnected tubes and flattened sacs connected with the nucleus. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and packages and transports proteins made the the ribosomes. |
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What is the vesicle's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
They are tiny sacs made of membrane used to transport substances. Present in animal and plant cells. Not visible under light microscope. |
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What is the Golgi apparatus purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
It is a numerous amount of flattened membranous sacs that receive transport vesicles from the ER . The ER products are modified, stored, then sorted, repackage and shipped to other parts of the cell, and sometimes outside of the cell (neurons), in that order. Think of post office. Vesicles around Golgi are usually transport. Found in both plant and animal cells and is not visible under microscope. |
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What is the lysosome's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
It is a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes within n acidic environment. Lysozomes are used to break down food particles, kill infectious micro-organisms and to recycle damaged or worn out cell parts. Only seen in animal cell and is not visible under microscope. |
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What is the vacuole's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
They are used for storage of food, water, minerals and other substances. Plants have a large central vacuole that is important for storage and water regulation (because they use a lot of it). Vacuoles are present in both cell types however the central vacuole is only in the plant cell. It can be seen under the microscope, but not in animals usually as they are small in animal cells. In plant cells usually the central vacuole is visible. |
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What is the mitochondria's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
The powerhouse of the cell. A complex structure that has two membrane; the inner membrane is highly folded. Cellular respiration happens in this organelle to generate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate, cellular energy). Lots of mitochondria in muscle as they use up a lot of energy as they are constantly being used. In both plant and animal cells and cannot be seen under a microscope. |
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What is the chloroplast's purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Complex organelles with two membranes, containing flattened membranous sacs with the green pigment chlorophyll (looks like smarties). Photosynthesis occurs, light ---> chemical energy (food, glucose). Only present in plant molecules and can sometimes be seen under a microscope. |
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What is the peroxisomes purpose? Is it present in plant and animal cells? Can you see it under a light microscope? |
Membrane bound sacs containing enzymes that converts harmful substances into less harmful substances. Liver has many of these. Present in both plant and animal cells and can not be seen under a microscope. |
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What organelle are cells specific (only seen in either plant/animal). |
Animal cells: -Cilia and flagella |
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What is the Endosymbiosis theory? Explain. |
The endosymbiosis theory is the theory that Prokayotic cells ancestored Eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria and chloroplasts formerly small prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells. Beneficial symbiosis would have resulted and they would be inseparable. The two major endosymbiosotic events: engulfing of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Support to theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA (circular). Mitochondria and chloroplasts can make their own proteins from DNA. They are also self replicating. |
