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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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He was a younger son of the King of Portugal. He in 1415he captured the North African city Cueta from the Muslims.
This conquest made Europe to start trading with Africa, and find faster ways to India and the Far East. |
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Bartholomew Dias
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He was a Portuguese captin who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the Southern tip of Africa.
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Vasco da Gama
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He was a Portugese sail who reached the coast of India in 1498.
The Portugese defeated the Arab fleet in the Indian Ocean becasue they were the first to successfully mount cannons on their ships. |
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Christopher Columbus
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He sailed West to find a faster route to East Asia and India. He sat out August 2, 1492. Instead he landed on the Bahamas, which he thought was a undeveloped part of Asia he called the Indies. He failed to find gold or spices. The native people were nice and friendly and easy to enslave.
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Ferdinand Megellan
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He made some of the most important voyages in 1519, he set out to sail around the globe. He wasn't able to make it becaus ehe died in the Philipines, but he proved Columbus didn't find East Asia instead a whole new land.
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Hernan Cortez & the Aztec Empire
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Cortes and a fleet of 600 landed in the middle of the Aztec Empire in 1519. They Aztec that the Spaniards were gods. So they gave they offerings of gold. This made the Spanish what to capture the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. In 1521 the Spanish capture Montezuma the Aztec King and named Tenachtitlan New Spain. The Spanish people conqured the Aztec becasue they got smallpox and other European diseases
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Francisco Pizzaro & Inca Empire
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He was a Spanish soilder who set out for Peru in 1531 to capture the Inca Empire. He captured the Incan Emporer Atahualpa. He made the Inca pay high ransoms of gold for him. They killed the Emporer in 1533. Finally in the 1560s the Spanish got control of this land.
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Haciendas
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They were plantations made to grow and mine reasorces of the New world. They made natives work the land, but they kept dying from disease and being over worked. The Spanish and Portugese brought over black slaves from African to work for them.
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Monarchical State
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This is where the king is the absolute ruler. He could do what ever he wanted, hhe had absolute power.
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Absolute power
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This states that the King has all the power becasue he was given the power and position by God.
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3 characteristics of new nation-states
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1.Growing Bureaucratization, which is where the government would but and sell royal offices. 2. Existence of a permanent army, the coast and need for an armt went up so they had to have a pernament onw which coasted more. 3.Growing need for taxes, the Monarchs needed need monry to pay for their armies so that taxed people more.
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Treaty of Lodi(1454)
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Under this treaty some major Italian city-states, like Milan, Naples, and Florene to help protect each other from outside invasion.
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Savonarola(1452-1498)
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He was a radical Dominican preacher who kickout the Medici rulers out of Florence. Florebce then went under a religious and political transformation. Later the Medici gained control of Florence and burned Savonarola at the stake.
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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He wrotw The Prince which is a record of how the Italy's idependece collapsed. Once the Medice overthrew the Republic they exiled Machiavelli.
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the Queen of Castile. When they got married the Spanich kingdoms started to combine. They finally united the entire peninsula when they captured the last Islamic city Gernada in the south.
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Charles V
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His grandparents where Ferdinand and Isabella. They arranged marriages so when Charles V was king he ruled a large majority of Europe. He tried to get ride of Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire. He got tired of this so he gave the Eastern part of the Empire which was troublesome to his brother Ferdinand. He gave teh rest to his son Philip which was more valuable.
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Philip II
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He was the son of Charles the V. He spent most of his life in debt trying to maintain Spains influences in the world.
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Revolt in the Netherlands
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This revolt posed religios and nationalistic ideas, when Philip II tried to impose the ideas of the Council of Trent. This area had a large Calvinist influence. Philip spent a lot of money trying to maintain Spanish rule. Finally in 1648 the Netherlands got their idependence.
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Spanish Armada
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This was one the greatest navy in the world. Philip II sent them to conqure England in 1588.
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Golden Age of Spain
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This lasted from the 16th to early 17th centuries. During this period Spain produced their best writers and artist.
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Cervantes(1547-1616)
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He could possible be Spain's best writer. His Don Quixote became the values Spanish chilvary were based on.
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El Greco(1541-1614)
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Greco was a painter was born in Greece but was Spanish. Mant of his paintings wshowed Spain having it all and being very wealthy.
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Peace of Augsburg(1555)
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This ended the religious wars in the time of Charles V. The treaty however did not recognize Calvinism, which later became a problem with Fredrick the III.
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Thirty Years' War(1618-1648)
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It was a war of religions that started in Bohemia. The Holy Roman Empire were fighting against Protestant states. At the end of the war there were 8 million less people in the empire than before the start.
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Edict of Restitution(1629)
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This said that all the property that was seized by Lutherians since 1552 was to be turned over to the Empire. It also outlawed Calvinism His maeked the high point of Habsburg in the 30 Years' War.
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Gustavus Adolphus
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He was the King of Sweden who enter the 30 Years' War after the edict of Restitution. He clained to be defending the Protestant'd Rights but really was interested about the German Territory along the Baltic river.
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Peace of Westphilia
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This ended the 30 years' War. The said that the Emporer would stay out of German politics. It also said that each prince would decide what religion of his own territory. It also fully regonized calvinism.
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Catherine de Medici, and the Guises.
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She was the wife of the French monarch Henry II. She was also the mother of 3 boys who all ruled at some time. She was one of the most remarkable women at the time. The Guises were the the most powerful of three families in France who were struggling for power behind the scenes, they turned toward a militant.
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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Catherine de Medici encouraged her son the king to start St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, where 3,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris, and 20,000 more around France. She was hoping to balance the power of arstocratic families.
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Henry IV (Navarre)
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He was a young Bourbon prince married King Charles IX's sister. This gave Calvinists more power. He was speard on St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre becasue he agreed to convert back to Catholicism. When he became king he started the Bourbon Dynasty.
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Edicts of Nantes
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King Henry th IV had converted between Catholicisin and Calvinism many times, but made one last conversion to Catholicism. His Calvinist allies where worried but he made the Edict of Nantes. Thsi said that Huguenots were free to practice their religion
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Louis XIII
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He was King Henry Iv son who thrown at the age of ( after his father was assinated in 1610. This made France vunlnerable once again.
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Cardinal Richilieu
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He was a minester for Henry Louis XIII. He defeated the Huguenots, and took away many of there military and politcal rights. He entered France into the 30 year war, but not on the Catholic side. The entered them on the Protestant side so fight their long enemy the Spanish Habsburgs.
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Louis XIV
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He took the throne at the age of 5 when when Louis XIII died in 1643. Louis XIV mother selected Cardinal Mazarin to be the regent until he was old enough to rule.
When he ruled he delt with Frances main problem, the aristocracy that resented the increasing power of the King. |
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Cardinal Mazarin
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He was not as good with political issues as Cardinal Richilieu, and France once again fell into a series of rebellions.
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Fronde
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This was a series of rebellions that went on between 1649 and 1652. This happened while Cardinal Mazarin was regent.
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Divine Rights of the king & Bossuet
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Bishop Bossuet wrote that since God gave chose the king then he is the only one who could judge him, and not nobles or any other people. This gave the King of France Divine Rights.
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Versailles
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Louis XIV built a palace 12 mile outside of Paris, he called Versailles. Eventually 10,000 noblemen and offcials livrd there. This got the aristocrats involved instead of plotting against the king.
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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He was the most inmortant minister in France at the time of Louis XIV. He was the son of a draper and cebtralized the French economy by mercantilism. He organized facoties that produced luxury items.
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Mercantilism
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This is the idea of building up a country's gold supply by exporting goods to other countries and earining gold from their sales. A big part of this was foreign colonies buying goods from the mother land.
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French East India Company
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His was formed to compete with the Dutch's rich commercial empire. It only had limited success.
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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
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In 1685 Louis XIV took away all the privledges that the Huguenots had gained from the Edict if Nantes. He destroyed their churches and schools. He also exiled 200,000 to England and the Netherlands. The lost of all those peoplr hurt France's economy and helped the other 2 country's, who were at war with France.
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Wars of the Roses
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This happened in the 15th century. It wasn't aristocrats trying to break the power of the monarch. Instead it was a series of civil wars where the York and Lancaster families were trying to dominate the monarchy. In the end Henry VII got central authority, he was a junior member of the Lancaster family.
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Tudor dynasty & Bosworth Field
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Henry II started the Tudor dynasty when he defeated Richard III in 1485 at the battle of Bosoerth Field.
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Henry III
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Once his father died in 1509 he bacame king of England. He made the Churhc of England when he broke away from Rome and the Pope.
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Elizabeth I
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She was the greatest of all the Tudors. She ruled from 1558-1603. She was the daughter of Henry the VII and Anne Boleyn. She was called the "Virgin Queen." People aren't sure if that is true.
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Mary Queen of Scots
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Mary Stuart was the Queen of Scotland anr heir to the English throne. For many years Queen Elizabeth kepted her as a prisioner. Elizabeth tried to settle things with Scotland and distance herself from Mary. In 1587 Elizabeth was reluctant to do but ordered Mary to be killed.
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James I of England-Stuart Monarchs
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When Queen Elizabeth died she promised James to inherite the throen of England. He had a three-part program to unite England and Scotland, but Parliament would not support him. He had a lot of religios problems during his time ruling, Puritans emerged at this time and wanted James to cut out all traces of the Catholic religion in the Church of England.
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English Renaissance(tine of Shakespeare)
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This Happened in the later years of Queen Elizabeth's, after she beat the Spanish Armada. This era was the ime of Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and Edumund Spenser.
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Stuart Age and Puritans
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The Staurt Age started when Elizebeth died Childless and she promised her cousin King James VI of Scotland inheritence to the throne.
Puritans were part of the Church of England but they wanted it to be purified by getting rid of any Catholic traces in their religion. |
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Charles I
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He ruled from 1625-1641. He was King James I son. He believed that the Anglican Church was the greatest stability for England. He was committed to the war against England. When he left London in January of 1642 to raise royal standards at Nottingham marks the beginning of the English Revolution.
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Archbishop Laud
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Charles named him the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. He believed in free will and not the doctrine of predestination which the Puritans believed in. He also didn't deny that Catholics were Christians.
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Tonnage and poundage
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These were custom duties that were given to Charles I for a year by Parliament. It has been a custom to give it to the monarch for life since the 15th century.
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Petition of Rights
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After Charles I threw some of the members of Pariament in jail when they refused to pay a loan. Parliament was called in 1628. They made the Petition of Rights, which Charles was forced to sign. This said the king couldn't demand a loan without consent from Parliament.
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Ship Money
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This was money raised to support naval defenses in a time of emergencies. Charles I, in 1634 declared emercency, but England was at peace. he did this to raise money.
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Short and Long Parliament
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The Short Parliament was the frist parliament called in 11 years and was ended after 3 weeks when then refuses to give Charles I money.
The Long parliament was called becasue Charles I had to pay a large sum a money. This one lasted for 20 years. |
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The Grand Remonstrance
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This was a list of 204 grievances from the past decade. they also demanded the the king named ministers that Parliament could trust, and that the church of England be reformed.
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Oliver Cromwell
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He made the New Model Army which was a regularly paid, disciiplined force of Putitan soilders. In 1648 he defeated the king, the next year he had the king killed which horrified most of the nation.
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Levellers and Diggers.
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They combined their radical
religious beliefs, hey also said that all men shoud be able to vote for members of the House of Commons, not just the people who owned land. |
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Charles II
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After Cromwell died England wanted to bring back the Stuart dynasty. In 1660 the eldest son of Charles I became King, he was Charles II. He had most of the same problems that his father had.
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James II
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He was Charles II younger brother who took the throne in 1685. He delt whith problems that his father and brother had like what is the relationship between the king and parliament, and what is the direction of the Church of England. He was a Catholic.
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Test Act
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This law said that Caholics weren't allowed to serve in the royal office or in the military. James II had this act repealed.
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Glorious Revolution: William and Mary
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Mary was the daughter of James II and she was Protestant. William, the Stadholder of Netherlands was her husband. He invaded England with no dificulty, to stop it from becoming Catholic, this was the Glorios Revolution. He and Mary then took the throne together. Then they had a constitutional settlement.
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Bill of Rights
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This Bill was created in 1689. The power to suspend and get rid of laws was made illegal, the king couldn't make an army without the Parliament's consent. The monarchs had to swear to uphold the Protestant faith, and the monarchy couldn't be passed to a Catholic.
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Act of Toleration
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This was created in 1689. This gave Protestants, who were not part of the Church of England the right to public worship. This did not give the right to Catholics and Unitarians.
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Act of Settlement
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This act was made in 1701. It was to make sure that no Catholics from the Stuart Line could take the throne.
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Act of Union
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This act was made in 1707. This marks the unification of England and Scotland to make Great Britian. The two states wer so bad on William III asked that they combine so that Scotland wouldn't go to was agianst England on the side of the French. Scotland had to give up their Parliament but was allowed to keep their Presbyterian Church and Roman-based legal system.
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Dutch dominance and Bank of Amsterdam
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The Dutch controlled a lot of the spice and other trade in Asia. Their location also made it a major role for inter-European trade, they wer between the Baltic area and the rest of Europe. They also developed a ocean-worthy cargo ship which was less expensive.
The Bank of Amsterdam,was founded early in the 17th century. They issued their own currency, it also made Amsterdam the banking center of the World. |
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Franz Hals, Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt
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They were all Dutch painters in the Golden Age of Art(17th century). The most famous of them all was Rembran Van Rijn, one of his most famous masterpieces is The Night Watch.
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Price Revolution
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This was when the price of basic items like wheat went up. This was because of the population growth. Grain prices increased 500 percent.
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Enclosure (and rural poverty)
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Enclosures was when the government would sieze public land where animals would feed for their own personal use.
The increasing prices made small farmers become beggers to get money. |
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Guild production-to-Capitalist Entrepreneurs
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Guild would dominate the Urban economy played a rile in the production of commodities.
Capitalist Entrepreneurs would have the skill and organization to produce cloth in one place instead of having it taken to different place to have the wool cleaned then another place to have it woven. This threatened the Guilds way of buisness. |
