Section 1: Renaissance And Reformation: 1350-1600

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#1- Renaissance (Italian: rinascita)

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Georgio Vasari used the word rinascita to describe the sixteenth century. The renaissance artists thought their intellectual thought was linked directly to the Greek and Roman Empires, but the middle ages had a great affect on the way they thought. Our modern notion of individualism started during the renaissance era. These new ideas eventually were spread throughout Europe because of the printing press in what was known as the Northern renaissance movement.

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#2- Medici Family

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After the Ciompi Revolt, the governemnts changes in most of the city-states. Venice and Florence, however, stayed as republics but were mostly dominated by a few wealthy families, most notably the Medici Family. They used their wealth to eventually become dukes of the city.

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#3- Humanism

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Humanism is characterized by a form of study based on what students in the classical world would have studied. Francesco Petrarch is the father of Humanism. He learned a lot about classical Latin and read many original documents, instead of having the midieval latin education. One of his goals was to write in Cicerean style. He never denied Christianity, but said that the Pagan Classical beliefs could be tied into Modern Christianity beliefs. Lorenzo Valla began to notice that the language in itself could tell us about history. he noticed that some documents were written well after their time. Women later learned to read amd write also and they began to publish some of their works.

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#4- Petrarch

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Petrarch was considered the father of Humanism. He was a lawyer but grew tired of this and started to study literary classics. He was the first to say that the cultural decline after the fall of the Roman Empires was the "Dark Ages".Petrarch learned classical Latin so that he could read the original texts from the that time. He set out to find Roman works and found works like the letters of Cicero. He then tried to become the same style of writer as Cicero and so did his followers. He was accused of being Pagan but said that, although the Anciant ideas were pagan, that some of there ideas were applicable to Cristianity. Many people followed in Petrarch's steps and some based their thoughtss off his beliefs.

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#5- Civic Humanists

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A small group of wealthy Flourinists, called Civic Humanists, like Petrarch's ideas. they took it farther by studying classical Greek and the wirtings of the genius Plato. In Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of man. These civic humanists greatly influenced the renaissance.

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#6- Plato

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Plato was the ancient Greek philosopher who believed that ideals such as beauty and or thruth exist beyond the ability of our senses to recognize them, and that we can train our minds to make use of our ability to reason and thus get beyond the limits of our senses.

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#7- Pico della Mirandola

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He recorded the positive Platonic view of human potential is found in one of the most famous passages from the renaissance, Oration on the Dignity of Man

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#8- Castiglione

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In Castiglione's The Courtier,