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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Terpenes |
Largest group of secondary metabolites Structure based around 5 carbon isoprene units Help plants adapt and thrive in environment Helps plants make them more disease resistant Some by attracting pollinators Some by promoting growth Terpenes from yew tree formed taxol which is a chemotherapy drug. Terpenes from sweet Annie is found to treat malaria. The specific terpene is called Artemisinin |
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Monoterpenes |
Menthol - peppermint Borneol - rosemary Pinene - pine Thymol - thyme Linalool - lavender Mucolytic Antiseptic Anti microbial Decongestant Stimulant Tonic activity |
2 isoprene units |
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Iridoids |
Adapted monoterpene Bitter tasting Prime the digestive system to promote digestive secretions Most bitter herbs will have iridoids Iridoids that form glycosides are sedatives, antimicrobials, mucolytes, diuretics and laxatives
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Sesquiterpenes |
Combines with lactone forms sesquiterpene lactones. Antimicrobial Anti inflammatory Cardio protective Immunostipulants Tumour inhibition Cytotoxic Chamazulene - lowers fever and is anti inflammatory found in Chamomile & Yarrow. Makes essential oils blue Zingiberne - digestive and stomach calming found in ginger. |
3 isoprene units |
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Sesquiterpene lactone |
Alantolactone - found in elecampane is an expectorant, cholagogue, antimicrobial and urinary antiseptic Parthenolide - found in feverfew is an antimicrobial and anti migraine |
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Diterpenes |
Cardio vascular tonics Pain relieving Anti inflammatory Anti microbial Anti fungal Expectorant Some are bitter: carnosal disterpene is found in sage and ginkgolide disterpene is found in ginkgo Biloba Grindelic avid found in Grindelia contributes to respiratory use and marrubin found in white horsechestnut is an expectorant |
4 isoprene units |
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Saponis |
Foam in water Soapwart Wild yam Liquorice Astragalus Marigold Blue cohosh Poke root Dandelion High saponins are said to protect plant from disease Expectorant Anti microbial Anti fungal Anthelmintic Strengthens capillaries Adaptogenic Tonic Immunomodulating Hormone balancing Cholesterol lowering Liver protecting Emetic in high doses Irritant of the mucous membranes |
Containes 6 isoprene units |
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Triterpenoid Saponins |
Have active constituents such as: Aescin Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhetic acid Steroidal saponins |
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Aescin |
Tonic effect and strengthening blood vessels Horse chestnut tree conkers cream helps piles and varicose veins |
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Glycyrrhizin |
Liquorice Very sweet Stimulates activity of interferons which are anti viral agents and immune response Expectorant Antiulcerogenic |
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Glycyrrhetic Acid |
Antiulcerogenic Anti inflammatory Mineralocorticoid action People with high blood pressure are given liquorice |
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Glycyrrhetic Acid |
Antiulcerogenic Anti inflammatory Mineralocorticoid action People with high blood pressure are given liquorice |
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Steroidal Saponins |
Used to make foam in extinguishers Tonic for cardio vascular system Lily of the valley and foxglove have a long history of heart medication Diasgenin found in fenugeek, bethroot and wild yam help produce steroidal molecules like progesterone |
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Resins |
Produced by trees Pine resin is common, acts like a sealant, glue varnish. Pine resin good for wounds as it is antiseptic and anti inflammatory. Also good for eczema. Damiana resin has nervine properties Myrrh is antimicrobial Grindelia is an expectorant Best medium to use with resin is a strong alcohol. |
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Oleoresins
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Resins mixed with volatile/essential oils found in trees Turpentine is an oleoresin that has a very pungent odour. Oleoresins are also found in Ginger. Ginger tincture needs high percentage of alcohol to extrct the oleoresin |
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Balsams
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Resins mixed with constituents Example are cinnamic or benzonic acid esters. Most commonly used balsam is Tolu balsam which is used in cough syrups and cough sweets |
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Gum Resins
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This is the amalgamation of resins with gum which are extracted from plants such as myrrh. |
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Polyphenols
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Phenolic compounds are the sensory character to herbs, they contribute to colour & flavour. The colour of a plant is a polyphenol, the taste is an iridoid terpene, small is the monoterpene. Polyphenols are grouped according to the number of carbon atoms present. Antimicrobial and antiseptic, was the first surgical antiseptic |
taste, smell, colour
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Salicin
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Analgestic polyphenol found in meadowsweet and willow. Doesnt cause gastric irritation like asprin. Anti inflammatory, anti rheumatic and often given to people with joint issues. Salicylic acid is associated with gastric issues. |
Pain killer
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Arbutin |
Small polyphenol molecule Found in bilberry and bearberry Is antimicrobial and renowned for urinary antiseptic properties. |
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Gallic Acid
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Phenolic acid primarily known as an astringent. Anti inflammatory anti microbial and opens up the airways |
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Usnic acid
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Phenolic acid which is found in linchen usnea Antibactieral |
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Phenylpropanoids
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Very fragrant Anethole found in fennel and anise - antispasmodic Myristian found in nutmeg, cinnamon and parsley - hallucinogen Curcumin found in turmeric - anti inflammatory and anti cancer properties |
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Coumarins
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Fragrant phenylpropanoid similar to cut grass. Found in meadow sweet leaves, melilot (anti inflammatory, vascular tonic) sweet woodruff, red clover, angelica (anti spasmodic) horse chestnut (anti inflammatory, vascular tonic). Coumarins have vascular tonic nature |
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Quinones
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Type of polyphenol Red, yellow, orange and sometimes black Plants such as madder root and alkanet often used as dyes |
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Napthoquinones
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Type of quinone has yellow pigments found in henna dye contributes to laxative action antimicrobian properties Sundews napthoquinone is plumbagin Pav D'arco's napthoquinone is lapachol |
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Anthraquinones
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Work by stimulating and irritating the digestive lining and the body reacts by trying to expel the contents. Not to be given to pregnant women. One of St Johns Wort's active contituents ia an anthraquinone called Hypercin - Hypercin has anti viral properties. Not all contituents within a groupd need to behave the same |
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Flavonoids
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Two phenyl rings & a heterocylic ring connected by carbon atoms. Often combine with other molecules and may have a different name, other names include: flavones isoflavones catechins anthocyanidins flavanonols flavanones Anthocyanidins causes the blue andred in berries and petals and is a flavonoid For someone who needs an increase in flavonoids herbalists will give marigold, violets, red clover, yarrow, hawthorn, shepherds purse and berries such as bilberries and elderberries. |
Share c6-c3-c6 structure
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Flavonoid therapeutic action
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antioxidant stengthening to capillaries and larger blood vessels anti inflammatry sedative antispasmodic immunomodulating cardi-modulators connective tissue regenerators liver protectors cholagogues diuretics antimicrobials antineoplastics Best known for their abililty to strengthen and protect the cardiovascular system The best are oligomeric procyaniclins found in berries, in particular bilberries as they help manage inflammation, rebuild collagen which is damaged by extensive inflammation and helo modulate the immune system |
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Tannins
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Astringent 2 categories: condensed (proanthyocyanidins) and hydrolysable. Tannins tone and tighten mucous membranes by precipitating the proteins present in the membranes and can refuce secretions Treat: Diarrhoea reduce inflammation reduce mucous productions used internally and externally to manage bleeding Can interact with: polysaccharides, carbohydrates, cell membranes and microbes and with enzymes. Can hibit microbes and enzymes with a high concentration. Do not give a high dose of astringent for too long |
used to tan leather
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