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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tannins
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Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Saxifragaceae, Vitaceae, Oxalidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Salicaceae, Hypericaceae, Rosaceae, Moraceae, Urticaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Malvaceae, Polygonaceae, Ericaceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae
[macromolecules based on phenolic building blocks (two types: one built on phenolic acids & sugars, the other on flavonoid-like compounds). Bitter tasting, acidic, interfere with digestive system. Bind proteins, heals wounds.] |
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Saponins
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Iridaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapindaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae
[glycosides based on triterpenes or sterodial skeleton. Lipophilic, later in water (cleansing), blood toxins, digestive and throat irritants, fish poisons, often mimic or interfere with human hormones. Important anti-inflammatory drugs or expectorants come from saponin-containing plants. |
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Alkaloids
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Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae
[ N-containing compounds metabolized from amino acids. Generally affect nervous system, mind or mood-altering or interfering with autonomic nervous system. Most can be toxic] |
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Latex
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Papaveraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae
[Any milky substance secreted by specialized cells called laticifers. Latex are feeding deterrents and defensive, usually acrid, bitter, caustic, allergenic, or toxic. A few latex plants have been used to develop natural rubber or chicle ( a chew)] |
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Toxic amino acids
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Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapindaceae
[similar to the 20 amino acids that build proteins, but different enough that when incroporated into building an enzyme, they fail to function. Highly toxic] |
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Resins/Gums
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Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae
[lipophilic viscous liquids, often with volatile compoenents, secreted from resin ducts. Defensive, wound-sealing, adhesive, solvents. Many resin-containing plants have been used as sealants, abhersives, solvents, etc.] |
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Terpenes
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Ranunculaceae,
[They are often strong-smelling, and thus may protect the plants that produce them by deterring parasites. Many terpenes are aromatic hydrocarbons and thus may have had a protective function.] |
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toxic fatty acids
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Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae
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Cyanogenic
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Rosaceae, Fabaceae
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Toxic diterpenes
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Ericaceae
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Mucilage
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Nymphaeaceae, Malvaceae
[thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms. It is a polar glycoprotein and an exopolysaccharide. Mucilage in plants plays a role in the storage of water and food, seed germination, and thickening membranes. Cacti (and other succulents) and flax seeds especially are rich sources of mucilage] |
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Volatile Oils
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Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Juglandaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae
[a mixture of low-weight terpenes and/or low-weight phenolics (espeically phenylpropanes) or esters, produced in oil cells. Generally attractants, signals, or defensive. Often antimicrobial or antifungal. Many plants with "essential oils" are useful as antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, antivirus medicinals, to ease gastric distress or respiratory problems. Others have been used for millennia as species.] |
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Raphides
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Araceae,
[calcium oxalate crystals, in some needle-like and severely irritating] |
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Aromotic
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Zingiberaceae, Lauraceae
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C4 photosynthesis
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Poaceae, Amaranthaceae
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Oxalic acid
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Oxalidaceae, Polygonaceae
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Salicylic acid
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Salicaceae,
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Cystoliths
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Urticaceae
[calcium carbonate crystals] |
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Folic acids
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Urticaceae
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Mustard Oils
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Brassicaceae
[N and S containing glycosides. Feeding deterrents. Digestive system irritants, antimicrobial, pungent taste.] |
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Betalains
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Amaranthaceae
[unusual N-containing pigments producing purple, maroon, reddish color.] |
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Iridoids
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Ericaceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae complex, Caprifoliaceae complex,
[monoterpense lactones, bitter tasting defensive compounds] |
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Cardiac glycosides
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Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae complex,
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Sesquiterpene lactones
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Asteraceae
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