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71 Cards in this Set
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Phylum Chordata
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Phylum Chordata-chordates
Subphylum Cephalochordata-lancelets Subphylum Urochordata-tunicates Subphylum Vertebrata |
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Chordates
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A notochord, pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal tubular nerve cord, and a postanal tail are all present at some time in the life history.
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notochord
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a dorsal supporting rod extending the length of the body. The notochord is replaced during development by a vertebral column in the vertebrates
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dorsal tubular nerve cord
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In vertebrates, the nerve cord, more often called the spinal cord, is protected by the vertebrae.
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Pharyngeal pouches
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which become fuctioning gills in the invertebrate chordates, the fishes, and amphibian larvae. In terrestrial animals, the pouches are modified for various other functions.
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post-anal tail
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as an embryo if not as an adult; a tail that extends beyond the anus
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Subphylum Urochordata
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Contains tunicates, or sea squirts. These animals come in varying sizes and shapes, but all have incurrent and excurrent siphons. Gill slits are the only remaining chordate characteristic in adult tunicates.
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
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Lancelets, which are also known as amphioxus (Branchiostoma) are small fishlike animals that occur in shallow marine waters in most parts of the world. They spend most of their time buried in the sandy bottom, with only the anterior end projecting.
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Lancelets
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feed on microscopic particles filtered out of the constant stream of water that enters the mouth and exits through the gill slits into an atrium that opens at the atriopore.
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fins of Lancelets
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caudal fins(enlarged tail) is used in locomotion, the dorsal fin, and the short ventral fin
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oral hood
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entrance of water
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atriopore
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water exits
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Vertebrates
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are segmented, and specialization of parts has occurred. Vertebrates have an endoskeleton, but they have jointed appendages. In vertebrates two pairs of appendages are characteristic. The vertebrate brain is more complex than that of arthropods and enclosed by a skull. A high degree of cephalization. All organ systems are present and efficient.
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The Vertebrates classification
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SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATE
Superclass Agnatha Superclass Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia |
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SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
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Notochord replaced by vertebrae that protect the nerve cord; skull that protects the brain; segmented with jointed appendages:Vertebrates
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Superclass Agnatha
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Marine and freshwater fishes; lack jaws and paired appendages; cartilaginous skeleton; notochord:lampreys and hagfishes
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Superclass Gnathostomata
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Hinged jaws; paired appendages; jawed fishes and all tetrapods
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Marine cartilaginous fishes; lack operculum and swim bladder; tail fin usually asymmetrical:sharks, skates, and rays
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Class Osteichthyes
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Marine and freshwater bony fishes; operculum; swim bladder or lungs; tail fin usually symmetrical:lungfishes, lobe-finned fishes, and ray-finned fishes (herring, salmon, sturgeon, eels, sea horse)
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Class Amphibia
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Tetrapod with nonamniotic egg; nonscaly skin; some show metamorphosis; three-chambered heart; ectothermic:urodeles (salamanders,newts) and anurans (frogs, toads)
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Class Reptilia
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Tetrapod with amniotic egg; scaly skin; extothermic:squamata (snakes,lizards) chelonians (turtles,tortoises)
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Class Aves
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Tetrapod with feathers;bipedal with wings;double circulation;endothermic:sparrows,penguins and ostriches
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Class Mammalia
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Tetrapods with hair, mammary glands; double circulation; endothermic; teeth differentiated:monotremes (spiny anteater, duckbill platypus), marsupials (opossum,kangaroo), and placental mammals (whales, rodents,dogs,cats,elephants,horses,bats,humans)
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Frogs
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are amphibians, a group of animals in which metamorphosis occurs. Metamorphosis includes a change in structure, as when an aquatic tadpole becomes a frog wiht lungs and limbs. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to be adapted to living on land; however, they typically return to the water to reproduce.
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Frogs eyes
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bulging eyes, which have a nonmovable upper and lower lid but can be covered by a nictitating membrane that serves to moisten the eye.
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nares
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nostril
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Auditory (eustachian) tube
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equalize air pressure in the ears
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Frogs teeth
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maxillary teeth-rim of the upper jaw
vomerine teeth- behind the midportion of the upper jaw |
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symbiosis
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a close relationship; that may occur when two organisms of different species live together
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three types of symbiotic relationships
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mutualism- postive relationship
commensalism- good for symbiont, nothing for host parasitism- good for symbiont, bad for host |
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Mutualism
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a relationship in which both organisms benefit from the association
these relationships often help organisms obtain food or avoid predation |
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Mutualistic relationships...examples
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bacterium Rhizobium invades the roots of certain leguminous plants (clover, alfalfa, soybeans) and it forms nodules.
lichen has alga or cyanobacterium and fungus that make it termites have zooflagellates (Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha) which digest the wood that termites eat. Ants are provided shelter by the Acacias and ants protect the plant from herbivorous insects |
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Lichens
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are composed of a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium growing in intimate association
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Lichen types
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crustose
foliose fruticose |
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crustose
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appressed to a substratum...are compact
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foliose
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leaflike lobes
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fruticose
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erect or pendant branching structures...are shrublike
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nectaries
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plant glands that secrete nectar at the base of the leaves
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beltian bodies
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ants eat nodules at some of the leaf tips of Acacias
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commensalism
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is a relationship between two species in which only one of the species benefits; the other neither benefits nor is harmed
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commensalism...examples
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epiphyte
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epiphyte
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plants that grow on other plants
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parasitism
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a relationship between two species in which one species-the parasite-derives nourishment from the other-the host.
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viruses are...
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obligate parasites because they are incapable of reproducing on their own. When a virus invades a cell, it takes over the cell's metabolic machinery and causes the cell to reproduce more viruses.
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genus Plasmodium
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organisms in the genus cause malaria in humans.
Members of this genus have no means of locomotion and are dispersed by infected mosquitoes. |
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free living worm
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1.well developed nervous system
2. sense organs, such as eyes 3. fast moving, with protective devices 4. well developed muscles 5. efficient circulatory system 6. normal reproduction |
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parasitic worm
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1. reduced nervous system
2. sense organs, such as touch 3. limited locomotion 4. minimal muscle fiber 5. reduced circulatory system 6. complicated life cycle |
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tapeworms
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are parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of vertebrate animals.
they consist of scolex (head), suckers/hooks, proglottids (segments of the body) |
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schistosomiasis
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any of a genus (Schistosoma) of elongated trematode worms with the sexes separate that parasitize the blood vessels of birds and mammals and cause a disease in humans
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roundworms
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have a smooth outside wall, indicating that they are not segmented. They are usually small and occur in great numbers in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. roundworms are freeliving
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Trichinella
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is a parasitic roundworm that causes the disease trichinosis. humans eat raw or undercooked pork infected with Trichinella cysts, the young worms are released in the digestive tract and mature to reproduce sexually, producing other juvenile worms that form cysts in human muscle. humans with this have muscular aches and pains that can lead to death if the respiratory muscles fail.
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hookworm
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is in human feces and passes from human to human through the feces
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pollutants
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are substances added to the environment that lead to undesierable effects for all living things.
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Eutrophication
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a process where bodies of water undergo a natural enrichment
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5 Mechanisms of Microevolution
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Gene Flow
Genetic Drift Non-random mating Mutations Natural Selection |
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Hardy-Weinberg equation
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1 = p2 + 2pq + q2
op=% of Dominant Allele in the population oq=% of Recessive Allele in the population op2= % of the homozygous dominant oq2= % of the homozygous recessive o2pq= % of population heterozygous |
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Macroevolution "Evidences"
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Fossil Record
Comparative Anatomy forelimbs chimp vs human embryos Biochemical |
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Antibodies
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chemicals made by immune system to react with antigens
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Antigens
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chemicals made by cells that stimulate immune system to make antibodies
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Ecology layers
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Population
Community Ecosystem=community and abiotics |
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Ecosystem components
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abiotics
producers consumers herbivores carnivores omnivores decomposers |
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Producers
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autotrophic organisms with the ability to carry on photosynthesis and to make food for themselves
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Consumers
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heterotrophic organisms that eat available food
herbivores-feed directly on green plants...primary consumers carnivores-feed on other animals...secondary consumers omnivores- feed on both plants and animals |
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Decomposers
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are organisms of decay, such as bacteria and fungi, that break down detritus (nonliving organic matter) to inorganic matter
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Life Cycle of Plasmodium
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1. In the gut of female mosquito, gametes fuse, and the zygote undergoes many divisions to produce sporozoites, which migrate to her salivary gland.
2. When the mosquito bites a human, the sporozoites pass from the mosquito salivary glands into the bloodstream and then the liver of the host. 3. Merozoites produced in liver cells enter the bloodstream and then the red blood cells. 4. When the red blood cells rupture, spores innvade and reproduce asexually inside new red blood cells. 5. Spores and toxins pour into the bloodstream when the red blood cells rupture. 6. Some spores become male and female gametocytes, which enter the bloodstream. If taken up by a mosquito, they become gametes. |
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tapeworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda Taenia pisiformis-dog tape Taenia saginata- beef tape Taenia solium-pork tape |
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Life cycle of Taenia
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1. Each larva becomes a bladder worm encysted in muscle.
2. meat contains many bladder worms 3. Humans eat meat 4. Bladder worm attaches to human intestine |
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Flukes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda blood fluke: Schistosoma mansoni |
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Life Cycle of the blood fluke
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1. Adult worms live and copulate in blood vessels of human; eggs mirgrate into digestive tract.
2. eggs passed in feces 3. miracidia hatch in water and enter snail 4. mother sporocyst encloses many developing daughter sporocysts 5. daughter sporocyst encloses many developing cercariae 6. cercariae break out of daughter sporocysts, escape snail, and invade humans |
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body shapes of male/female flukes
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male= shorter and flatter
female=round, long, slender |
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roundworms
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Phylum Nematoda
Trichinella spiralis Necator Americanus Rhabditis |