Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
2 opposing categories for Language Focus
|
Speech Communication vs. Literacy
|
|
|
2 opposing categories for Meaning Learning
|
Direct Experience vs. Translation
|
|
|
2 opposing categories for Grammar learning
|
Induction vs. Explication
|
|
|
2 opposing categories for Psychological Orientation
|
Mentalist vs. Behaviourist
|
|
|
2 opposing categories for Linguistic orientation
|
Mentalist vs. Structuralist
|
|
|
Repetition and mechanical drills involving words as stimuli and responses were considered to be the essence of learning. Method?
|
Audio-Lingual
|
|
|
Second language learning from the point of view of small-group dynamics and counseling. Method?
|
Community Language Learning
|
|
|
Purports to produce in students an altered state of consciousness which is conducive to learning. Method?
|
Suggestopedia
|
|
|
A lesson would include: a reading passage in the target language, a list of vocabulary items and their translations, and an explanation in the native language of important points of grammar exemplified in the text. Method?
|
Grammar Translation
|
|
|
Stressed the value of introducing a second language to a learner exactly as the native language had been experienced without the use of prepared situations or material. Method?
|
Natural
|
|
|
Memory will be enhanced by motor activity with the result that language will be more easily remembered and accessed. Method?
|
Total Physical Response
|
|
|
By applying scientific knowledge from psychology and linguistics, language learning could be made more efficient, and students would learn faster than they would under the spontaneous and unplanned lessons of the Natural Method. Method?
|
Direct Method
|
|
|
The teacher says as little as possible while the students employ their own abilities to discover and create the language themselves. Method?
|
Silent Way
|
|
|
has developed a flexibility which allows anything into the classroom so long as it furthers the communicative ability of the student. Method?
|
Communicative Language Learning
|
|
|
The order of development in young children.
|
Vocalization, Babbling, Naming, Holophrastic Utterances, Telegraphic Utterances.
|
|
|
Is babbling a learned or innate behavior?
|
It is a learned behavior evidenced by the fact that deaf children do not progress beyond the vocalization stage.
|
|
|
Is babbling language specific or universal?
|
Babbling starts out universal but over time, as early as 6 months old, the babbling starts to take on intonations of the specific language of exposure.
|
|
|
What is the most frequent syllable type in babbling?
|
Babbling is most frequently of an open syllable, CV, type.
|
|
|
When a child begins to utter her first words, there is a temporary loss of some of the speech sounds present during the babbling stage. Why?
|
The discontinuity involves the distinction between intentional and non-intentional vocalization. Babbling is not under central cognitive control and seems to happen at random. Speech production, however, involves learning how to use specific articulators which are needed to match previously heard sounds.
|
|
|
Why are consonants acquired in a front to back order?
|
This is due to the visibility of the articulators, particularly the mouth and lips, which are easily observed and thus imitated by the infant.
|
|
|
Why are vowels acquired in a back to front order?
|
Since the articulators of vowels are difficult to observe, the infant will opt for those sounds which are easiest to articulate which happen to be in the back.
|
|
|
Children can be said to have learned their first word when. . .
|
they utter a recognizable speech form in conjunction with a specific object or event.
|
|
|
The use of one word by a child to express a thought for which mature speakers would use a whole sentence is called _______.
|
Holophrastic Utterance
|
|
|
What is a possible motivation for a child to move beyond one word utterances?
|
Communication failures caused by more complex and varied needs as the child grows older, will lead them to become aware that adding more words will lead to more effective communication.
|
|
|
The use of two or three word utterances to communicate is called the _____ stage.
|
Telegraphic
|
|
|
What parts of speech does a child normally use in telegraphic utterances and why?
|
A child normally uses nouns, verbs, and adjectives because these are the most observable and informative.
|
|
|
Which function words and inflectional morphemes are among the first to be acquired?
|
prepositions- on, in
articles - the, a, an modals - can, will auxiliaries - do, be, have inflections - plurals, tense markings like /t/ past tense form. |
|
|
Which three variables explain the order of acquisition of function words and inflections?
|
Observability
Meaningfulness Sound Signal |
|
|
Why are the progressive aspect (-ing) and the prepositions in and on learned the earliest.
|
Because they are the highest in all three variables; Observability, Meaningfulness, and Sound signal.
|
|
|
Why are the plural -s and possessive -'s learned before the third person -s?
|
While the sound signal is the same, the first two are more observable and meaningful. Correct communication is not dependent on the proper use of the third person inflection.
|
|
|
Why is the irregular past learned before the regular past?
|
The sound signal and meaningfulness are stronger in the irregular past.
|
|
|
What is the order of acquisition for the following: relative clauses, negation, question forms, passive voice.
|
Negation
Question forms relative clauses passive voice |
|
|
Does language perception begin in utero or after birth?
|
While the perception of sound may begin in utero, the perception of language begins after birth.
|
|
|
Can speech comprehension take place without the ability to produce speech?
|
Yes, as would be evidenced by mute-hearing children.
|
|
|
Speech comprehension and speech production proceed in a parallel mode with _____ always trying to catch up with ______.
|
production catching up to comprehension.
|
|
|
Babies can recognize words as early as ______.
|
6 months
|
|
|
The basis of all language is _____.
|
Meaning.
|
|
|
Why must speech comprehension precede speech production?
|
While it is possible for a child to echo an utterance without the comprehension of its meaning, without the opportunity to hear and understand utterances in meaningful context (comprehensible input), children would be unable to use it in a meaningful way.
|
|
|
Explain why thought must necessarily precede language.
|
Because it is thoughts and not language that assign meaning to ones experiences. Therefore, one can be devoid of language but never devoid of thoughts.
|
|
|
____ provides the basis for speech ____ which in turn provides the basis for speech _______.
|
Thought
Comprehension Production |
|
|
Why can it be said that a sign language is a true language?
|
Because sign language allows for the comprehension and production of an unrestricted number of grammatical sentences. In other words, there are a finite number of rules to form infinite utterances.
|
|
|
Signing differs from speech in that its mode is ______.
|
visual
|
|
|
Which is faster, signing or speaking?
|
Neither, both are equal.
|
|
|
What do the gestures of hearing people lack that would allow them to form a true language?
|
They lack a syntax that allows them to form a variety of sentences and are therefore limited in scope and are restricted to certain occasions or special communities.
|
|
|
Why are the plural -s and possessive -'s learned before the third person -s?
|
While the sound signal is the same, the first two are more observable and meaningful. Correct communication is not dependent on the proper use of the third person inflection.
|
|
|
Why is the irregular past learned before the regular past?
|
The sound signal and meaningfulness are stronger in the irregular past.
|
|
|
What is the order of acquisition for the following: relative clauses, negation, question forms, passive voice.
|
Negation
Question forms relative clauses passive voice |
|
|
Does language perception begin in utero or after birth?
|
While the perception of sound may begin in utero, the perception of language begins after birth.
|
|
|
Can speech comprehension take place without the ability to produce speech?
|
Yes, as would be evidenced by mute-hearing children.
|
|
|
Babies can recognize words as early as. . .
|
6 months.
|
|
|
The basis of all language is ___.
|
Meaning
|
|
|
Why must speech comprehension precede speech production?
|
While words can be echoed without meaning, they can not be used and manipulated within a language system until their meaning is understood.
|
|
|
Explain why thought must necessarily precede language.
|
Language is a system which allows the labeling of thoughts in terms of physical sounds (or physical movement in the case of signing) so that the thoughts can be communicated to others.
|
|
|
___ provides the basis for speech ___ which in turn provides the basis for speech _____.
|
Thought
comprehension production. |
|
|
Why can it be said that a sign language is a true language?
|
Because it consists of a finite number of rules which can be used to produce an infinite number of utterances.
|
|
|
What do the gestures of hearing people lack that would allow them to form a true language?
|
They lack a syntax that would allow them to form a variety of utterances. Therefore, they are limited in scope and confined to specific occasions and users.
|
|
|
What are the two types of sign language?
|
Speech based
Independent |
|
|
How do the two types of sign language differ?
|
Speech based has a one to one correspondence to the spoken language.
Independent has its own syntax and vocabulary separate from any spoken language. |
|
|
What are the two types of speech based language?
|
Finger Spelling
Morpheme by Morpheme (MnM) |
|
|
What are the advantages and disadvantages of MnM?
|
+ Easy to learn for hearing adults.
+Simultaneous learning of sign and speech morphemes and syntax making literacy easier. - Difficult for children to learn - it is more cumbersome than and independent sign language and therefore not preferred by the deaf community. |
|
|
What are the three basic components of an Independent Sign Language?
|
Hand Configuration
Place of Articulation Movement |
|
|
In terms of the deaf education, what is the Oral Approach?
|
It is a method of teaching the deaf to speak and read lips in order to communicate rather than use a sign language.
|
|
|
In terms of the deaf education, what is the Total Communication Approach?
|
It is a combination of teaching sign language and the Oral Approach.
|
|
|
What impetus did Chomsky's mentalist revolution in linguistics give to ASL?
|
It gave ASL validation as a language by showing that because language is perceived as a kind of knowledge in the mind, it is related to, but separate from the physical manifestation.
|
|
|
What is the Written Language Bilingual Approach?
|
It is the teaching of literacy skills to speakers of ASL. Because of the differences in syntax and morphology between ASL and the written language, the written language is taught as a separate and therefore second language.
|
|
|
A child raised in isolation would speak the original language of human kind. Your thoughts?
|
No, because comprehension must precede production of language.
|
|
|
Why were the attempts to teach Victor spoken language unsuccessful?
|
Itard believed that it was because of his advanced age and isolation which seems to correlate with the Critical Age theory.
It is possible that the loss of plasticity in the muscles related to the speech articulators probably made it difficult to produce understandable speech. |
|
|
Why were the attempts to teach Victor written language more successful?
|
Because written language is an observable correlation between symbols and objects the physical limitations that may have hindered speech production were of no consequence.
|
|
|
Comment on Genie's acquisition of vocabulary vs. her acquisition of grammar.
|
While Genie was able to learn a fair amount of vocabulary, her utterances remained ungramatical and telegraphic.
|
|
|
Comment on Genie's progress in speech comprehension vs. her progress in speech production.
|
While she was never able to produce a wide range of language, she was able to comprehend a large variety of syntactical utterances and vocabulary.
|
