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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
haploid
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having only one set of chromosomes
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell
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homologous chromosomes or homologues
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two copies of each chromosome
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inversion
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fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in the reverse orientation, producing a mutation
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karyotype
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array of the chromosomes found in an individual's cells arranged in order of size and shape
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mutations
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change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome
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nondisjunction
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accident in chromosome separation
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sex chromosome
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chromosomes that differ between males and females
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translocation
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fragment may join a nonhomologous chromosome
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trisomy
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condition in which a diploid cell has an extra chromosome
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cytokinesis
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the C phase is when the cytoplasm divides
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anaphase
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stage of cell division in which chromosome copies separate
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binary fission
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form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring
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genetic recombination
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rearrangement of genetic material
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spores
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an asexual, resting, reproductive, haploid cell
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cell cycle
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a repeating sequence of growth and division through which many kinds of eukaryotic cells pass
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interphase
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a eukaryotic cell spends most of it's life in the G1, S, and G2 phase
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crossing-over
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arms of chromosomes exchange reciprocal segments of DNA
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kinetochore
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a second group of microtubules extends out from a region of the centromere of each chromosome
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metaphase
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stage of mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes move to and line up at center of a cell
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mitosis
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process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes
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telophase
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stage of mitosis in which a new nuclear envelope forms and spindle fibers disappear
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spindle fiber
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network of hallow protein cables that form between separated centrioles and move chromosomes apart
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meiosis
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mechanism that halves the number of chromosomes in cells is a form of cell division
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prophase
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stage of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers become visible
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sexual reproduction
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reproduction in which gametes from opposite sexes or mating types unite to form a zygote
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reduction division
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in meiosis, term used to indicate the reduction of the number of chromosome(by half) when the cytoplasm divides
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crop
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type of plant that is culivated for use by humans
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Calvin cycle
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most common carbon-fixing pathway
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oxidative respiration
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series of reactions
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producers
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food molecules by capturing energy and carbon atoms from their environment
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chromatids
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two copies of each chromosomes
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consumers
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organisms that must obtain energy to build its molecules by consuming other organisms; hetrotrophs
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pigment
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a molecule containing atoms that enable it to absorb light
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NADPH
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reduced form of NADP+ (nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
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food chains
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series of organisms through which energy flows from a producer to one or more consumers
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ATP synthesis
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protein channel in a membrane through which protons are pumped to produce ATP
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NADP+
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coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms and energy from one place to another in a cell
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carbon fixation
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enzymes incorporate carbon atoms from carbon dioxide into organic molecules
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carotenoids
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yellow and orange plant pigments that produce fall colors
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chlorophyll
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green pigment, is the primary light-absorbing agent for photosynthesis
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electromagnetic spectrum
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complete range of radiant energy
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fermentation
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electrons from glycolysis are added to organic molecules
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Down syndrome
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traits produced by having an extra copy of chromosome 21
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autosomes
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a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex
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electron transport chain
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each electron is passed through a series of membrane-bound protein and pigment molecules
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granum
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stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast
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photons
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all forms of radiant energy actually consist of tiny packets of energy
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photosystem
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pigments used in photosynthesis are arranged in molecule clusters
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photosystem I
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clusters boost electrons to a higher energy state by absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm
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photosystem II
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clusters boost electrons by absorbing more energetic light with the slightly shorter wavelength of 680nm
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radiant energy
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energy that is transmitted in waves that can travel through a vacuum
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reaction center
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area of a photosystem where an electron is boosted and leaves a chlorophyll a molecule
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reducing power
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ready supply of attachable hydrogen atoms that can be used for reduction
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stroma
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fluid matrix of a chloroplast
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thylakoids
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the interior of a chloroplast is filled with many flattened membrane-bound sacs
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Krebs cycle
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repeating series of reactions that produces ATP, electron carriers, and carbon dioxide
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acetyl-CoA
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this group is attached to a coenzyme (coenzyme A) forming a compound
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aerobic
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require oxygen
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anaerobic
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do not require oxygen
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pyruvate
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salt of pyruvic acid that is produced by the breakdown of glucose during glycosis
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centromere
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two chromatids are attached by a protein disk at a point
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glycolysis
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(first stage of cellular respiration) glucose split into smaller molecules in a biochemical pathway
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diploid
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term used to indicate cell containing two homologues of each chromosome
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amniocentesis
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procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for genetic abnormalities in a fetus
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chorionic villi sampling
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fetal-testing procedure in which pieces of the chorionic villi in a mother's uterus are removed and examined for genetic abnormalities
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chromosomes
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rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division
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deletion
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a fragment of chromosomes break off, and it can be lost when the cell divides causing a mutation
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duplication
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chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome, which will carry two copies of a certain set of genes
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gametes
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haploid cell that participates in fertilization by fusing with another haploid cell
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gene
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segment of DNA that transmits information from parent to offspring
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