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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does Brendan O'Leary define partition?
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Brendan O'Leary says partition is an externally proposed and imposed fresh border cut through at least one community's national homeland.
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What is partition?
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External (often a strategy of divide and quit).
Imposed. Creates new states. Method for eliminating difference (in theory). |
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What are examples of Partition?
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Post-WWII Germany, Cyprus 1974, India/Pakistan 1947-8.
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What was the ethnic division in Cyprus?
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National division: Greek Cypriot: Turkish Cypriot= 75:25
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What is the background to Cyprus partition?
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ethnic divide
-Post-Independence (1960) consociationalism failed. 1963: Unrest= international forces enter. 1974: Partition: 45,000 to the north, 160,000 to the South. Annan Plan: Cyprus enters the EU... still divide |
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Define Secession according to Brendan O'Leary
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An action of regions or provinces.
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What is Secession?
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Internal, at the iniative of the region.
e.g. Bangladesh, Slovakia, Eritrea, South Sudan. A method of eliminating difference (in theory). Facilitating conditions: international context, liberal democracy? |
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Is there a right to secede?
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Theories include; remedial right, Plebiscitary right, self-determination right.
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What was the 1995 Quebec Independence Referendum?
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"No" vote won only very narrowly (50.58% vs. 49.42%.
Federal government asked the Supreme court to consider if there was a right to secede. Clarity Act 2000 |
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What are the Caveats of secession?
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-Difference between elites and population.
-What about new minorities? -Who gets to decide? Who is 'we', the people? -What are you deciding on? What is the question? |
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What are secession caveats according to Ivor Jennings?
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On the surface, the principle of self-determination seems reasonable: let the people decide. It is in fact ridiculous because the people cannot decide until somebody decides who are the people.
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Should Scotland secede?
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I think they should be allowed to.
Scotland is an ancient nation and a modern society Let the people decide (that's what Ivor Jennings would say). |
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What are the forms of Executive power-sharing?
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-Mandatory/voluntary
-liberal/ Ethnically-specified. -Unitary/Devolved. -Externally enforced/ domestically driven. -Electoral basis and whether communal blocs are insulate from each other ("god fences make good neighbours). -type of conflict: settlement or avoidance of civil warfare? Issue is not just managing conflict in short-term, but resolving it in the longer-term. |
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What are the principles of liberal democracy?
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Consent of the governed.
-Free and Fair elections. -Freedoms of political expression, speech and press. -Equality in the sense of one person, one vote. -Right to vote and stand for office. -Equality before the law. |
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What constitutes a Majoritarian rule?
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1: Majority (single-party) government- party with plurality of seats can control executive.
2: Adversarial: Opposition holds government to account. 3: Assumes alternation of parties in government over time: relies on trust in system. E.g. Westminster system, NZ pre-1996 |
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What are the critiques of Majoritarian rule form a divided society perspective?
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Conditions for alternation, trust and stable democracy are not always present.
Ethnic, linguistic, religious minority groups might be permanent excluded from power by majoritarian system. |
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What would you want to engineer into a divided society?
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Stability, Democracy and Recognition (justice). Other moral principles include:
-social and economic justice. -equality of opportunity. -Not creating new injustices. -Maintaining or generating trust among groups. Respect for and recognition of people's identities. |
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In a non-democratic society, what are the options of 'fixing' the range of diversity, that have been employed in the past?
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Genocide: Nazi Germany, Rwanda, Khmer Rouge.
Ethnic Expulsion: Volkdeutsche, post WWII. Control Policies: South Africa, Pre-1994 Ethnic Hierarchies: Colonial States (e.g. British in Nigeria) intervened in re-ordering existing ethnic, religious and linguistic hierarchies. Assimilation: Project of turning "Peasants into Frenchmen" in 19th Century France. |
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What is the integrationist approach?
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-Differences should be left to the private sphere, In the public sphere there should be a unified nation, privileges individual citizens, not group, a s a unit of society.
Identities seen as malleable; strong group identities not inevitable. |
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What is the Accommodationist approach?
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Differences in the public sphere are tolerated (and sometimes encouraged.
Believes people have strong attachments to their group identities. -Group-based identities seen as durable. -Organises public life an dinstitutions around distinct ethic, linguistic or religious group identities. But variety of views as to whether inter-ethnic cooperation should be pushed. |
