Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Levine 1966 regulates prod of sex hormones |
hypothalamus |
|
|
Goldstein et al 2011 M brains: bigger |
frontomedial cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus |
|
|
Goldstein et al 2011 F brains: bigger |
frontal cortex, limbic cortex |
|
|
goldstein, 2011 brain development |
brain areas with more sex steroid receptors during development = higher dimorphism |
|
|
shors et al, 2004 rats reacting to acute stress |
m rats: react better to acute stress in learned task (+inc in dendritic density) |
|
|
cahill et al 2004 brain activity when exposed to violence |
M - right amygdala activated, in F - left |
|
|
gender differences of stanford-binet and wechsler adult intelligence tests: |
distribution (more F in middle), M better at spatial tasks and maths, |
|
|
heim 1970 differences in psychometric tests |
mediocrity of women hypothesis |
|
|
hyde 1990 differences in maths performance |
only exist in adolescence |
|
|
maccoby and jacklin 1974 aggression |
M more aggressive, boys play more aggressively from 2yo |
|
|
bardwick 1971 aggression |
women = indirect aggression |
|
|
frodi et al 1977 aggression |
women more anxious about aggressive feelings than men |
|
|
deaux 1976 success |
F more likely to see success as luck/failure as lack of ability |
|
|
horner 1972 success |
65% F vs 10% M include fear of success in story about academic success |
|
|
F MH disorder prevalence |
attempted suicides, depression, anxiety |
|
|
M MH disorder prevalence |
antisocial PD, successful suicides, drug abuse |
|
|
stafford 1961 genetic explanation |
recessive genes on X chromosome influence phenotype in all men |
|
|
martin et al 2008 testosterone |
replacement - mod's spatial, verbal, working memory |
|
|
tulandi 1996 ovarian hormone |
suppression of ovarian hormone in F - affects verbal memory |
|
|
grigorova 2006 ovarian hormone |
suppression of ovarian hormone in F - affects working memory |
|
|
money and Ehrhardt 1972 hormone exposure |
girls exposed to androgens prenatally - more rough and energetic |
|
|
reinisch 1981 hormone exposure |
girls exposed to androgens prenatally - more aggressive in conflicts |
|
|
kreuz and rose 1972 hormone levels |
aggressive M and F - higher testosterone in puberty |
|
|
Ehrenkanz et al 1974 hormone levels |
violent prisoners, more T |
|
|
katz 1975 environment |
baby x experiment - adults presented 6 month child as either M or F - treatment changes |
|
|
bandura et al. 1961 |
bobo doll experiment boys more likely to imitate M / aggressive acts girls - more physically aggressive if M model/more verbal if F |
|
|
siann 1977 environment |
cultural stereotypes=engagement in gendered activities |
|
|
tieger 1980 environment (agg) |
cultural stereotypes about aggression transmitted through various mediums |
|
|
Serbin et al (73) environment (agg) |
teachers of preschool children reprimand girls more for aggressive behaviour |
|
|
Hyde and Mertz (2009) environment (academia) |
correlation between country’s % girls on top 30-ranked IMO teams and its gender gap index score. |
|
|
Spencer et al. (99) environment (academia) |
sex differences in tests assessing mathematical ability more pronounced when subjects asked to state their gender |
|
|
Rimfeld et al 16 nature vs nurture (academia) |
genetics affects choice of academic subjects as well as achievement |
|
|
Harworth et al 08 nature vs nurture (academia) |
genetics accounts for 62% of variance, shared environmental effects - 14% of variance |
|
|
distribution of empathising skills |
normal bell curve |
|
|
cognitive component of empathy |
“decentering//responding non egocentrally” (Piaget) / theory of mind//mentalising (Frith) |
|
|
empathy measurements |
False belief task, empathizing quotient, balanced emotional empathy scale, empathic concern scale, reading the mind in the eye test |
|
|
neural activation - physical pain only |
primary and secondary somato-sensory cortex |
|
|
neural activation - physical pain or loved one in pain |
Bilateral anterior insula, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, brainstem and cerebellum |
|
|
eisenberger et al 2003 social exclusion neurocorrelates |
activates dACC/AI |
|
|
singer et al 2004 empathy neural correlates |
empathy activates dACC and AI |
|
|
eisenberger 2015 dACC/AI activation indicates |
not pain - processing stimulus salience - activation indicates cognitive process |
|
|
Singer et al 2006 empathy neurocorrelates |
M experienced inc activation in reward related areas when “unfair” player experienced pain |
|
|
Lutchmaya and Baron Cohen (2002a) sex dimorphism in babies |
Baby girls look at film of face more than film of cars - opposite true for boys |
|
|
ritch savin williams 1987 girls better empathisers? |
slower to establish a “dominance hierarchy” |
|
|
Social skills in turner syndrome dep on |
whether X chromosome inherited from mother or father. |
|
|
haworth et al 2008 genetics (academia) |
math skills inheritable
|
|
|
hughes and cuting 1999 genetics (emapthy) |
theory of mind skills inheritable false belief task correlation % in twin pairs: MZ - 66%; DZ - 32%; Genetic effects: 68% |
|
|
Hur (2007) genetics (empathy) |
concordance for empathy scores on Eysenck personality scale → 0.35 in MZ twins, 0.03 in DZ twins |
|
|
geschwind and galaburda 1985 hormones (academia) |
low testosterone causes early growth of left hemishpere in females → dev. Of linguistic skill |
|
|
Lutchmaya and Baron Cohen 2002 hormones (S/E) |
Foetal testosterone in amniotic fluid predicts eye contact and vocabulary |
|
|
Knickmeyer et al. 2006 hormones and S/E |
foetal testosterone negatively correlated w/ frequency of intentional propositions (ascribing motivations to non moving objects) |
|
|
Auyeung et al 2010 hormones and S/E |
+ve relationship between foetal testosterone levels and autistic traits |
|
|
Connellan et al. 2000 sex dimorphism in babies |
Neonates with mean age 36.7hrs presented with face/mechanical object; sexual dimorphism at 1 day old |
|
|
Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
inc’s foetal testosterone - more autism like traits |
|
|
Chakrabarti 2009 hormones/genetics and S/E |
some sex steroid genes show significant association with autism spectrum quotient score |
|
|
Conrad et al 2004 rat response to chronic stress |
F rats - hippocampal cells less vulnerable to neurotoxin |
|
|
Wechsler adult intelligence test |
verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual organization, processing speed |
|
|
stanford binet |
verbal, quantitative, abstract visual reasoning + short term memory |
