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371 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cranial nerves:
(3) |
1. 12 pairs
2. *all* exit the skull 3. ***part of PNS*** |
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some CN's are ONLY motor, some ONLY sensory; some carry parasympathetic fibers - which ones?
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3, 7, 9, and 10
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cervical vetebrae:
(2) |
1. triangular vertebral foramen
2. possess **transverse foramen** |
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what are transverse foramen for?
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**the vertebral arteries**, going up
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Atlas = C1; has the following 3 things:
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1. facets for articulaiton with occipital condyles
2. anterior and posterior arches 3. **facet on ANTERIOR arch to articulate with the dens** |
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Axis =
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C2
- has dens |
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atlanto-occipital joint; what kind of movement does it allow?
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*yes* head movements
- sagittal |
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Jefferson Fracture =
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fracture of C1
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Jefferson Fracture:
(2) |
1. ~~ multiple fracture sites (burst fracture)
2. ~~ diving/head-first injuries |
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atlanto-axial joint =
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3 joints grouped as one
- altogether, allow "no" head movement |
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what 3 joints make up the atlantoaxial joint?
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1 median atlantoaxial joint
2 lateral atlantoaxial joints |
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**median atlantoaxial joint = articulation between:
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dens and anterior arch
- pivot type |
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2 lateral atlantoaxial joints = articulations between:
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inferior and superior processes
- gliding type |
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hangman fracture =
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fracture of C2
- may involve dens ==> SC injured => quadriplegia |
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levels: C1 ~~
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top of teeth
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levels: C2 ~~
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level of teeth
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levels: C3 ~~
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body of mandible
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levels: C4~~
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b/w hyoid and thyroid cartilage
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levels: C6~~
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cricoid cartilage
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levels: C7~~
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just below cricoid
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the larynx is found between:
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C4 and C6
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functions of larynx:
(2) |
1. voice production
2. maintains open airway |
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larynx =
(3) |
thyroid + epiglottic + cricoid cartilages
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hyoid bone:
(3) |
1. opposite C3/C4
2. body, greater and lesser horns 3. **NO** articulations with other bones |
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hyoid muscles' function:
(2) |
1. **swallowing**
2. accessory chewing |
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suprahyoids =
(3) |
1. mylohyoid
2. digastrics (two bellies) 3. stylohyoid |
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mylohyoid:
(2) |
1. ~~floor of mouth
2. inn. by CN V3 |
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digastric, anterior belly:
(2) |
1. attached to mandible
2. inn. by CN V3 |
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digastric, posterior belly:
(2) |
1. attached to mastoid
2. inn. by CN 7 |
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stylohyoid is innervated by:
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CN 7
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infrahyoids =
(4) |
1. sternohyoid
2. sternothyroid 3. thyrohyoid 4. omohyoid |
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what nerve innervates ALL infrahyoids?
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**ansa cervicalis**
- EXCEPT thyrohyoid |
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what innervates thyrohyoid?
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C1, directly
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infrahyoids are also called:
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strap muscles
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cervical plexus =
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ventral rami of SN's C1-C4
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sensory branches of cervical plexus provide:
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cutaneous sensation to cervical region
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all 4 sensory branches of the cervical plexus exit at:
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Erb's Point,
right behind SCM |
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4 sensory branches of cervical plexus:
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1. lesser occipital (C2)
2. greater auricular (C2, C3) 3. transverse cervical (C2, C3) 4. supraclavicular (C3, C4) |
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motor portion of cervical plexus =
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ansa cervicalis, C1-C3
- a large loop |
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the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis is formed by:
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C1
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the superior root of ansa cervicalis is formed by:
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C2 and C3
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SCM:
(2) |
1. flexing neck or rotating it contralaterally
2. inn. by CN 11 |
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torticollis =
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head turned and tilted
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muscular torticollis = result of:
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damage to SCM from tumor or injury
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spasdmodic torticollis =
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neurological disorder of abnormal tonicity
- emerges b/w 20 and 60 |
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cervical fascia:
(2) |
1. superficial
2. deep (3 layers) |
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superficial cervical fascia :
(2) |
1. right beneath skin
2. contains neurovasculature, fat, lymph, and **platysma muscle** |
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the platysma is innervated by:
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CN 7
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deep cervical fascia, investing layer
(3) |
1. most superficial
2. surrounds entire neck 3. **encloses SCM and traps** |
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deep cervical fascia, prevertebral layer:
(2) |
1. **encloses VC, intrinsics of back, scalenes, and longus colli**
2. extends laterally as the axillary sheath (surrounding brachial plexus) |
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deep cervical fascia, pretracheal layer: actually split into:
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2 layers
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function of Muscular layer of pretracheal fascia:
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**surrounds infrahyoids**
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Visceral layer of pretracheal fascia:
(2) |
1. encloses thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus
2. ***has a posterior extension: buccopharyngeal fascia*** |
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the carotid sheath is comprised in part by:
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all 3 deep cervical fascia layers
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contents of carotid sheath:
(3) |
1. common carotid
2. IJV 3. vagus nerve |
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***between prevertebral and buccopharyngeal fascia is:***
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a loose CT region,
a major pathway for spread of infection b/w neck and thorax |
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loose CT region is divided into 2 spaces , by:
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**alar fascia**
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alar fascia =
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extension of prevertebral fascia
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2 spaces of loose CT region of the neck =
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1. retropharyngeal space
2. danger space |
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4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle:
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1. submental triangle
2. submandibular triangle 3. muscular triangle 4. carotid triangle |
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boundaries of carotid triangle =
(3) |
1. superior omohyoid
2. anterior SCM 3. posterior digastric |
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***contents of carotid triangle*** =
(3) |
1. carotid sheath
2. ansa cervicalis 3. CN12 |
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external carotid artery:
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1. from bifurcation of C4
2. lots of branches |
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first 3 branches of external carotid:
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1. superior thyroid
2. lingual artery 3. fascial artery |
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contents of the posterior triangle:
(4) |
1. Erb's Point
2. EJV 3. CN 11 4. roots of brachial plexus |
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floor of psterior triangle =
(4) |
1. splenius capitis
2. levator scapula 3. scalenes 4. inferior omohyoid |
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EJV exam: higher level of jugular pulsations =
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greater backup into the venous system
- evaluates systemic venous pressure |
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CN 11:
(6) |
1. spinal accessory nerve
2. arises from C1 - C5 3. enters foramen magnum 4. **exits skull via jugular foramen** 5. innervates SCM, traps 6. ***purely somatic motor*** |
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pharyngeal arches are derived from:
(4) |
1. MOSTLY NC
2. paraxial mesoderm 3. LPM 4. ectoderm |
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how many pharyngeal arches are there?
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5 pairs
(#6 instead of #5) |
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aortic arches run through
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pharyngeal arches
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each pharyngeal arch has 4 components:
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1. cartilage (NC)
2. CN (NC + ectoderm) 3. muscle (paraxial mesoderm) 4. aortic arch (LPM) |
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cartilage of pharyngeal arches =>
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Meckel's cartilage, thyroid/cricoid cartilage, ear bones, styloid process, hyoid bone
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CN's 5, 7, 9 and 10 are formed from:
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placodes
(thickened ectoderm) |
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1st pharyngeal arch contains:
(3) |
1. trigeminal ganglion (CN V)
2. muscles of mastication, others 3. 1st aortic arch |
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2nd pharyngeal arch contains:
(3) |
1. geniculate ganglion (CN 7)
2. muscles of facial expression, others 3. 2nd aortic arch |
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3rd pharyngeal arch contains:
(3) |
1. sup. and inf. (petrosal) ganglia (CN 9)
2. stylopharyngeus muscle 3. 3rd aortic arch |
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the 3rd aortic arch forms the:
(2) |
1. common carotid
2. external carotid |
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4th pharyngeal arch:
(2) |
1. sup and inf (nodose) ganglia (CN X)
2. cricothyroid, levator palatine, and pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
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the internal carotid is formed by:
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the dorsal aortae
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the skul is divided into 2 parts:
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1. neurocranium
2. viscerocranium |
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function of neurocranium:
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surrounds and protects brain
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neurocranium is split into 2 parts:
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1. membranous neurocranium
2. cartilagenous neurocranium |
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membranous neurocranium:
(4) |
1. majority of neurocranium
2. ~~ intramembranous ossificaion 3. its front bones are derived from NC 4. bones in back, from paraxial mesoderm |
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cartilagenous neurocranium:
(4) |
1. forms floor of skull
2. ~~endochondal ossification 3. front derived from NC, 4. back from **occipital sclerotomes** (mesoderm) |
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viscerocranium:
(4) |
1. => facial bones
2. ALL from NC 3. mostly intramembranous ossification 4. *some* endochondal ossification |
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fontanels =
(2) |
unossified regions of the skull
- permit molding of skull through 18 months - anterior is largest |
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craniosynostosis =
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**premature** closure of cranial structures
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Treacher Collins Syndrome =
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a type of **neurocristopathy**
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***neurocristopathy = ***
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*concurrent* cranialfacial AND heart septation defects
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why do craniofacial AND heart septation defects occur concurrently so often?
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**because NC cells are highly vulnerable to teratogens or genetic disorders**
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teratogen =
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substance, like alcohol, that interferes with development
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the thoracic inlet is *completely* surrounded by skeletal elements - what are they?
(3) |
body of T1
1st ribs manubrium |
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LOTS of structures pass through the thoracic inlet; it also houses:
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the apex of the lungs
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the trachea is anterior to:
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the esophagus, which is anterior to the VC
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the EJV drains:
(2) |
scalp and face
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***what is the venous angle?***
(2) |
1. the point at which the IJV and the subvlavian vein come together
2. the point at which the major lymphatics join venous drainage |
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major lymphatics =
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right lymphatic duct,
thoracic duct |
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another name for the brachiocephalic trunk =
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innominate artery
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where does the common carotid bifurcate?
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at C4
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the internal carotid has NO branches in the:
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neck;
supplies brain |
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external carotid branches, mnemonic:
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Sometimes Ladies Feel Amiable; Only Physicians, Mostly Surgeons
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external carotid branches:
(8) |
1. superior thyroid
2. lingual 3. facial 4. ascending pharyngeal 5. occipital 6. posterior auricular 7. maxillary 8. superficial temporal |
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the ansa cervicalis is found atop the:
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carotid sheath
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**carotid body** =
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ovoid **chemo**receptor
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chemoreceptors monitor:
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blood oxygen, CO2, and H+
- low oxygen => inc. HR, respiration |
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carotid sinus =
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**baroreceptor**
- measures arterial pressure |
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**BOTH the carotid body and the carotid sinus are:**
(2) |
1. found at the carotid bifurcation
2. innervated by CN 9 (glossopharyngeal), via VSF's |
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3 branches off the subclavian artery:
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1. vertebral
2. internal thoracic 3. thyrocervical trunk (+ costocervical trunk and dorsal scapular artery) VIT C+D |
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***the Anterior Scalene divides the subclavian artery into 3 parts:**
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1. Medial to AS
2. *behind* AS 3. Lateral to AS |
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branches of the thyrocervical trunk:
(4) |
1. **inferior thyroid**
2. suprascapular 3. transverse cervical 4. ascending cervical |
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the transverse cervical artery supplies:
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the traps
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***the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between:***
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anterior and middle scalene muscles
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***the subclavian **vein** passes ANTERIOR to:***
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the anterior scalene
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***the phrenic nerve lies ON the:***
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anterior scalene
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the thyroid gland produces:
(2) |
1. T3/T4
2. calcitonin |
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T3/T4:
(2) |
1. iodine-containing
2. regulate metabolic rates |
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thyroid gland =
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two lobes connected by isthmus
- pyramidal lobe = small superior projection |
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they thyroid gland gets EXTENSIVE:
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supply/drainage
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blood supply to thryoid gland:
(3) |
1. superior thyroid artery
2. inferior thyroid artery 3. thyroid ima artery (in 10% of people) |
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**the superior and inferior thyroid come off of:
(2) |
1. the external carotid
2. the thyrocervical trunk **respectively** |
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venous drainage of thyroid gland =
(3) |
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
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**the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into ___________; the inferior thyroid vein drains into _____________
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IJV;
brachicephalic vein |
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4 parathyroid glands:
(2) |
1. secrete parathyroid hormone
2. supplied by **superior and inferior** thyroid arteries |
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3 nerves of the deep neck:
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1. phrenic
2. vagus 3. sympathetic chain |
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the vagus nerve gives off 2 major branches:
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1. superior laryngeal nerve
2. recurrent laryngeal nerves |
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***the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus innervates:***
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the cricothyroid muscle
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surgery that damages the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve will result in:
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a monotone voice, since the cricothyroid muscle isn't being innervated
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***the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates:***
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mucous membrane (inside the larynx) ABOVE the vocal cords
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the right recurrent larygneal nerve loops around:
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the right subclavian
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the left recurrent larygneal nerve loops around:
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the aortic arch
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BOTH the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate:
(2) |
1. mucous membrane (within larynx) BELOW vocal cords
2. remaining muscles of the larynx |
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the vagus nerve innervates the ENTIRE:
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larynx
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in the neck, ***the sympathetic chain is found:***
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POSTERIOR to the carotid sheath
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3 main ganglia of the sympathetic chains in the cervical region =
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1. superior cervical ganglion
2. middle cervical ganglion 3. inferior (stellate) cervical ganglion |
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***the MAJORITY of preganglionics in the cervical region synapse onto:***
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the **superior** cervical ganglion
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after synapsing on cervical ganglia, what do nerve fibers do?
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**travel to their targets by coursing with the internal or external carotid**
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**carotid plexus** =
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network of sympathetic fibers and the blood vessels that they course with, in the cervical region
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sympathetics arise from:
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the lateral horn b/w T1 and L2
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suboccipital triangles:
(2) |
1. one on each side, under occipital bone
2. covered by splenii |
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splenii =
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superficial intrinsic back muscles
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each suboccipital triangle contains:
(2) |
1. vertebral artery
2. suboccipital nerve |
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suboccipital nerve =
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dorsal ramus of C1 SN
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also associated with each suboccipital triangle:
(2) |
1. great occipital nerve (DR of C2 SN)
2. least occipital nerve (DR of C3) |
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the greater occipital nerve provides::
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cutaneous innervation to post. head
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the least occipital nerve provides:
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cutaneous innervation to post. head AND neck
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muscular boundaries of each suboccipital triangle =
(3) |
1. rectus capitis (major and minor)
2. obliquus capitis superior 3. obliquus capitis superior |
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the muscular boundaries of each suboccipital triangle are ALL:
(2) |
1. involved in **proprioception/posture**
2. innervated by the suboccipital nerve |
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10% of strokes are a result of:
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atherosclerotic plaque at the proximal internal carotid
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bones of face =
(5) |
1. frontal
2. nasal (bridge of nose) 3. maxillae 4. zygomatic (cheek) 5. mandible |
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foramina of face =
(3) |
supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental
~~ nerves and vessels of same name |
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stylomastoid foramen:
(2) |
1. between styloid and mastoid
2. **what CN 7 comes out of to terminate** |
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muscles of facial expression:
(6) |
1. obcularis oris
2. depressor anguli oris 3. zygomaticus 4. buccinator 5. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 6. orbicularis oculi |
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what portions of the obcularis oculi are responsible for shutting and keeping the eye closed?
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the orbital portions
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palpebral portion of of orbicularis oculi is responsible for:
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blinking
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buccinator ~
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whistling
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2 major sources of blood to face =
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branches of internal and external carotids
-***extensive anastomoses between the 2*** |
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internal carotid =>
(branch to face) |
ophthalmic branch
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external carotid branches to face =
(2) |
1. facial artery
2. superficial temporal artery (=> transverse facial artery) |
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the facial artery crosses:
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the mandible
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facial artery gives off:
(3) |
1. inferior labial
2. superior labial 3. lateral nasal branches |
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the facial artery terminates as:
|
the angular artery,
near medial eye |
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what vein drains the majority of the vein?
|
the facial vein
|
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facial vein:
(2) |
1. courses with facial artery
2. drains into IJV |
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***the facial vein has extensive connections to:***
(2) |
1. deep veins of head and neck
2. dural venous sinuses inside cranium |
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significance of facial vein's connection to other veins =
|
***infection can travel INTO cranium***
(head veins have no valves) |
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parotid gland:
(4) |
1. largest salivary gland
2. inn. by parasympathetic fibers of CN 9 3. enclosed in continuation of investing layer of deep cervical fascia 4. drains into mouth via parotid duct |
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3 structures passing *through* parotid gland:
|
1. Facial nerve
2. retromandibular vein 3. external carotid |
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main temporal branches of facial nerve, mnemonic:
|
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
|
|
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temporal branches of Facial nerve:
(5) |
1. termporal
2. zygomatic 3. buccal 4. mandibular 5. cervical |
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why is injury to the facial nerve relatively common?
|
b/c its temporal branches are relatively superficial
|
|
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**Bell's palsy =
|
idiopathic cease of function of CN7 on ONE side
- sometimes temporary |
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retromandibular vein: anterior branch drains into:
|
the facial vein
|
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posterior branch of retromandibular vein drains into:
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EJV
|
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the external carotid terminates within the parotid gland, into:
(2) |
1. maxillary artery
2. superficial temporal artery |
|
|
lymph drainage of head and neck:
|
superficial nodes (ring) drain face and scalp => deep nodes (chain along IJV) => deep cervical nodes => right lymphatic OR thoracic duct
|
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apart form the usual 4, CN's can also carry:
(3) |
1. special sensory fibers (taste, smell, etc)
2. bronchiomotor fibers 3. parasympathetic fibers |
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"bronchiomotor" =
|
innervating muscles of pharyngeal arches
|
|
|
which of the CN's carry parasympathetic fibers?
|
3, 7, and 9, and 10
|
|
|
out of 3, 7, 9, and 10, which CN's carry parasympathetic fibers to the head and neck?
|
3, 7, and 9
- 10 carries parasympathetics only to thorax |
|
|
****what are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia on each side of head/neck?****
|
1. ciliary
2. submandibular 3. pgp 4. otic - preganglionics of CN's 3, 7, and 9 synapse onto them |
|
|
***parasympathetics that travel in CN 3 ALWAYS synapse in:***
|
the ciliary ganglia
|
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***parasympathetics that travel in CN 7 ALWAYS synapse in:***
(2) |
1. pterygopalatine
OR 2. submandibular ganglia |
|
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***parasympathetics that travel in CN 9 ALWAYS synapse in:***
|
the otic ganglia
|
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***4 major functions of CN 7:***
|
1. inn. muscles of facial expression
2. convey taste from tongue (special sensory) 3. convery parasympathetic fibers lacrimal, nasal, sublingual, and submandibular glands 4. supply general sensory to small portion of ear/canal |
|
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CN 5 = trigeminal nerve =
|
great sensory nerve of the face
|
|
|
trigeminal ganglion:
(3) |
1. within cranium
2. like DRG - houses cell bodies 3. NO synapses here |
|
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V1 =
(3) |
ophthalmic division
1. ~ gen. sense 2. exits skull via superior orbital fissure 3. => supraorbital nerve |
|
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V2 =
(3) |
maxillary division
1. ~ gen. sense 2. exits skull via foramen rotundum 3. => infraorbital nerve |
|
|
V3 =
(3) |
mandibular division
1. ~ gen sense AND bronchiomotor to muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch 2. exits skull via foramen ovale 3. => mental nerve |
|
|
muscles of mastication =
(5) |
1. masseter
2. temporalis 3. pterygoids 4. mylohyoid 5. anterior digastric |
|
|
tensor veli and tensor tympanis are also
|
muscles of the 1st pharyngeal arch, and thus innervated by V3
(even though they aren't muscles of mastication) |
|
|
what does the face develop from?
|
5 NC-derived prominences
|
|
|
**the mandibular prominence = **
|
the 1st pharyngeal arch
|
|
|
the 5 prominences surround the:
|
stomadeum (primitive oral cavity)
|
|
|
nasal placodes invaginate, forming:
|
nasal pits
|
|
|
***formation of nasal pits produces:***
|
Medial and Lateral nasal prominences,
which eventually fuse |
|
|
***Medial nasal prominences fuse to form:
(4) |
1. bridge of nose
2. septum of nose 3. philtrum 4. primary palate (incisive bone) |
|
|
what do both the primary and secondary palates do?
|
divide the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
|
|
|
Lateral nasal prominences form:
|
alar cartilage (sides of nose)
|
|
|
what forms the upper lip?
(2) |
**both Medial nasal prominences,
both maxillary prominences** |
|
|
each nasal pit elongates to form a:
|
nasal sac
|
|
|
what happens to the early oralnasal membrane?
|
it dgenerates
|
|
|
the palatine shelves grow toward the midline and:
|
fuse, forming the secondary palate
|
|
|
the nasal septum meets the primary and secondary palates, thereby:
|
separating the two halves of the nasal cavity
|
|
|
examples of anterior cleft disorders:
|
cleft lip, cleft upper jaw
|
|
|
incisive foramen marks:
|
the intersection of the primary palate with the two halves of the secondary palate
|
|
|
***anterior cleft disorders are the result of:***
|
partial or complete lack of fusion of the maxillary prominences and Medial nasal prominences
|
|
|
posterior cleft disorders - i.e. cleft palate - are the result of:
|
lack of fusion of palatine shelves
- **oral and nasal cavities are continuous** |
|
|
combos of anterior and posterior cleft defects often occur;
|
very severe,
~ genetics and teratogens |
|
|
contrecoup (counterblow) fracture =>
|
damage occurs on opposite side of skull
|
|
|
layers of scalp =
|
Skin
CT (dense) Aponeuroses Loose CT Pericranium |
|
|
which layers are considered the scalp proper?
|
S, C, and A
- tend to come off during scalping injuries |
|
|
external and internal tables of skull =
|
compact bone
|
|
|
diploe of skull =
|
spongy
|
|
|
emissary veins are valveless; they connect:
|
dural venous sinuses to veins outside of the cranium
|
|
|
flow of emissary veins is usually:
|
inside TO outside
|
|
|
innervation of scalp/face =
(3) |
1. V1, V2, V3
2. ventral rami of cervical plexus 3. dorsal rami of C2-C4 |
|
|
2 branches of ophthalmic artery =
|
1. supratrochlear
2. supraorbital |
|
|
scalp lacerations =>
|
**profuse** bleeding due to extensive anastomoses
- unconscious patients may bleed to death |
|
|
pus and blood can easily spread through:
|
loose CT of the scalp
|
|
|
what is the danger area of the scalp?
|
the loose CT
|
|
|
infections in loose CT can spread into cranial cavity through:
|
emissary veins
|
|
|
infections can easily enter:
(2) |
1. eyelids (=> black eyes)
2. root of nose |
|
|
**infections of the scalp CANNOT spread:***
(2) |
1. posteriorly (to neck)
2. laterally (to cheeks) |
|
|
the dura has 2 layers:
|
1. periosteal
2. meningeal |
|
|
periosteal dura:
(3) |
1. outer layer
2. attaches to skull 3. continuous with pericranium of skull on outside |
|
|
meningeal dura:
(3) |
1. inner layer
2. in contact with arachnoid 3. continuous with spinal dura matter |
|
|
***the 2 dural layers separate to create:***
(2) |
1. dural partitions
2. intracranial venous sinuses |
|
|
**ALL dural partitions are:
|
meningeal dura
|
|
|
2 dural partitions:
|
1. falx cerebri - b/w cerebral hemis
2. tentorium cerebelli |
|
|
**the tentorium cerebelli is between:**
|
cerebrum and cerebellum
|
|
|
arterial supply of dura =
(3) |
ant, middle, and posterior meningeal arteries
|
|
|
**middle meningeal artery:**
(3) |
1. largest
2. comes off of maxillary artery 3. *supplies bones* as well as dura |
|
|
innervation of dura =
(5) |
***general sensory fibers*** from V1, V2, V3, X, and C1-C3
|
|
|
arachnoid:
(3) |
1. thin/avascular
2. pushes against dura but NOT adherent to it 3. attached to pia via trabeculae |
|
|
pia:
(2) |
1. shrink-wrapped to brain
2. covers roots of CN's |
|
|
**epidural space** =
|
potential space between bone and periosteal dura
|
|
|
***epidural hematoma*** =
|
epidural space filled with blood
|
|
|
cause of epidural hematoma =
|
trauma to ***middle meningeal artery***
|
|
|
progressive results of epidural hematoma:
(4) |
LOC => lucid period => drowsiness => coma
|
|
|
***subdural hematoma*** is the result of:
|
trauma to head that causes brain to move suddenly, thereby tearing cerebral veins
|
|
|
results of subdural hematoma =
|
blood pools b/w dura and arachnoid
=> potential space becomes real space |
|
|
**classic sign of subdural hematoma** =
|
crescent shape on CT scan
|
|
|
subarachnoid space:
(2) |
1. real space
2. contains CSF and blood vessels |
|
|
***subarachnoid hemorrhage*** =
|
extravasation of blood into subarachnoid space, usually from cerebral arteries
|
|
|
causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage =
(2) |
1. rupture of aneurysm
2. trauma |
|
|
results of subarachnoid hemorrhage =
(3) |
1. severe headache
2. stiff neck 3. LOC |
|
|
special fact about the trochlear nerve:
|
the ONLY CN to exit posteriorly,
rather than ant/ventrally |
|
|
**there is NO visceral motor sympathetic _____**
|
CN
- sympathetic action of brain is achieved by fibers running up from T1-L2 |
|
|
blood supply to brain =
(2) |
1. vertebral arteries (form single basilar)
2. internal carotids |
|
|
Circle of Willis =
(5) |
1. posterior cerebral arteries
2. posterior communicating 3. internal carotids 4. anterior cerebrals 5. anterior communicating |
|
|
what makes CSF?
|
choroid plexus in EACH ventricle
|
|
|
CSF otorrhea =
|
CSF leaking from ear
|
|
|
hydrocephalus =
|
excessive CSF
|
|
|
hydrocephalus is a result of:
(3) |
1. overproduction
2. obstruction 3. failure of resorption |
|
|
hydrocephalus causes:
(3) |
1. dilated ventricles
2. thinned cerebral cortex 3. separation of bones |
|
|
obstruction of CSF usually occurs because of blockage to:
(2) |
1. interventricular foramina of Monro
2. cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
neural induction =
|
notochord instructing overlying ectoderm to become neuroectoderm
|
|
|
in which direction does neural induction proceed?
|
caudally
|
|
|
the nueral plate folds into the:
|
neural tube
|
|
|
neural plate ultimately becomes:
(2) |
brain and SC
|
|
|
***closure of anterior and posterior ends of neural tube is sensitive to:***
|
teratogens
- they close during a time in which the mother doesn't know she's pregnant |
|
|
secondary neuralation =
|
development of medullary cord, which forms the sacral/coccygeal portion of the SC
|
|
|
spina bifida =
|
failure of neural tube to close
|
|
|
spina bifida:
(2) |
1. ALL types occur in the *lumbar* region
2. ~ posterior closure |
|
|
spina bifida occulta =
|
incomplete vertebral arch
|
|
|
spina bifida occulta:
(2) |
1. benign
2. tuft of hair |
|
|
2 types of spina bifida cystica:
|
1. meningocele
2. MMC |
|
|
meningocele =
|
meninges protrude into cyst due to unclosed neural tube
|
|
|
MMC =
|
meninges AND SC/neural tissue protrude into cyst, due to failure of neural tube to close
|
|
|
anterior closure defects =>
|
meningoencepohalocele (cyst at head)
- has various forms, just like spina bifida |
|
|
anencephaly/exencephaly =
|
brain dea/exposed due to failure of neural tube behind the anterior closure to close
|
|
|
***neural tube closure forms:***
(3) |
1. NC
2. SC 3. Brain |
|
|
3 cells/layers of neural tube:
|
1. deep ring
2. mantle zone 3. (superficial) marginal zone |
|
|
deep ring of neural tube consists of:
(2) |
1. ventricular cells
2. glioblasts |
|
|
**ventricular cells:**
(2) |
1. mitotic precursors of neurons
2. continue to divide |
|
|
mantle zone =>=>
|
gray matter
|
|
|
marginal zone =>=>
|
white matter (axons)
|
|
|
***cells of mantle zone form:***
(2) |
1. alar plate
2. basal plate |
|
|
**alar plate =>**
|
interneurons
- RECEIVE sensory info, transmit it |
|
|
**basal plate =>**
(2) |
motor neurons
(somatic AND preganglionic VMF's) |
|
|
in the SC, somatic motor neurons are located:
|
ventrally,
and visceral motor neurons are located dorsally |
|
|
***NC cells form:***
|
ALL ganglia outside of SC
(including DRG) |
|
|
**interneurons (alar plate) and motor neurons (basal plate) ultimately come from:**
|
***the neural tube***
|
|
|
rhombencephalon's cervical flexure demarcates:
|
hindbrain from SC
|
|
|
pontine flexure of rhombencephalon divides:
|
metenceph from myelenceph
|
|
|
**caudal myelencephalon is very similar to SC, EXCEPT for:
|
the dorsal nuclei that form in it (cuneatus and gracilis)
|
|
|
**in the brain, motor nuclei are _______ to sensory nuclei**
|
medial
|
|
|
**in the brain, peripheral ganglia form from NC cells, but ALSO from:
|
placodes
- in SC, ALL peripheral ganglia are formed form NC |
|
|
in the mesencephalon: migrating neuroblasts form:
|
corpora quadrigemina
|
|
|
aqueductal stenosis =>
|
hydrocephalus
|
|
|
diencephalon =
(4) |
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and pineal gland
|
|
|
***mantle zone of the diencephalon does NOT form:***
(2) |
alar and basal plates
|
|
|
the pituitary gland comes from 2 sources:
|
1. nuerohypophyseal diverticulum
2. Rathke's pouch |
|
|
nuerohypophyseal diverticulum =>
|
(post.) neurohypophysis
|
|
|
Rathke's pouch =>
|
(ant.) adenohypophysis
|
|
|
telencephalon =>
(2) |
1. cerebral hemis
2. corpus striatum |
|
|
telenchephalon:
(3) |
1. grows the most
2. ~ lateral growth 3. contains lateral ventricles |
|
|
***in the SC, basal plate motor neurons are ventral, and alar are dorsal; in the brain,
|
basal = Medial, and alar = Lateral
|
|
|
pituitary gland forms:
(2) |
1. floor of diencephalon
2. roof of stomadeum |
|
|
3 cranial fossa:
|
1. anterior
2. middle cranial fossa (x2) 3. posterior |
|
|
*olfactory bulbs are NOT:*
|
the olfactory nerves
- rather, numerous olfactory nerves feed into the bulbs |
|
|
the anterior cranial fossa is composed of:
(3) |
1. frontal bone
2. ethmoid bone (central) 3. sphenoid bone |
|
|
2 foramina of the anterior cranial fossa:
|
1. cribiform plate
2. optic canals |
|
|
cribiform plate allows passage of:
|
numerous olfactory nerves to come from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulbs
|
|
|
optic canals allow passage of:
(2) |
1. optic nerves
2. ophthalmic arteries |
|
|
what does the tenrotirum cerebelli attach to:
(2) |
1. anterior clinoid process
2. posterior clinoid process (of middle cranial fossa) |
|
|
the middle cranial fossa are composed of:
(2) |
sphenoid bone and temporal bones
|
|
|
the middle cranial fossa contain:
(2) |
1. temporal lobes
2. pituitary gland |
|
|
what does the pituitary gland sit in?
|
in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
|
|
|
7 foramina of the middle cranial fossa:
|
1. superior orbital fissure
2. foramen rotundum 3. foramen ovale 4. foramen spinosum 5. hiatus for greater petrosal nerve 6. " " lesser " " 7. carotid canal |
|
|
the sup. orbital fissure allows passage of:
(5) |
CN 3, 4, 6,
V1, and ophthalmic veins |
|
|
foramen rotundum allows passage of:
|
V2
|
|
|
foramen ovale allows passage of:
|
V3
|
|
|
foramen spinosum allows passage of:
|
middle meningeal artery
|
|
|
carotid canal allows passage of:
(2) |
1. internal carotid
2. associated sympathetic fibers |
|
|
foramen lacerum:
(3) |
1. jagged
2. NOTHING passes through it 3. plugged with cartilage in real life |
|
|
neurohypophysis:
(2) |
1. = posterior pituitary
2. stores and releases ADH and oxytocin |
|
|
posterior cranial fossa is made up of:
(2) |
temporal bones and occipital bone
|
|
|
posterior cranial fossa contains:
(2) |
1. BS
2. cerebellum |
|
|
foramina of the posterior cranial fossa:
(4) |
1. foramen megnum
2. internal acoustic meatus 3. jugular foramen 4. hypoglossal canal |
|
|
foramen magnum allows passage of:
(3) |
1. BS/SC
2. vertebral arteries 3. spinal roots of CN 11 (entry) |
|
|
internal acoustic meatus allows passage of:
(2) |
1. CN 7
2. CN 8 |
|
|
jugular foramen allows passage of:
(4) |
CN 9, 10, 11, and sigmoid sinus (to IJV)
|
|
|
***which veins drain into the dural venous sinuses?***
(5) |
1. cerebral veins
2. cerebellar veins 3. veins of BS 4. diploic veins 5. emissary veins |
|
|
dural venous sinuses ultimately drain into:
|
the IJV
|
|
|
*the great cerebral vein drains into the:*
|
straight sinus
|
|
|
cavernous sinuses are essentially:
|
**large veins**
|
|
|
cavernous sinuses contain:
(6) |
internal carotids
CN 3, 4, 6, V1, and V2 |
|
|
**after ventricles, CSF travels through subarachnoid space and is resorbed into:**
|
dural venous sinuses
|
|
|
transmission of sound:
(2) |
1. vibration => tympanic membrane => 3 ossicles => oval window => vibrations through scala vestibuli => scala tympani dissipated at round window
2. basilar membrane of cochlear duct vibrates => receptor cells in spiral organ are stimulated => impulses communicated to brain via CN 8 |
|
|
inner ear ~
|
vestibulocochlear organ
|
|
|
lateral one-third of external acoustic meatus is:
|
cartilagenous
|
|
|
innervation of tympanic membrane:
(2) |
1. skin by CN 5, 7, and 10 (gen. sense)
2. inner mucosa membrane by CN 9 (visceral sensory) |
|
|
middle ear contains:
(4) |
1. 3 ossicles
2. oval (vestibular) window 3. round (cochlear) window 4. tympanic plexus |
|
|
roof of middle ear =
|
tegmen tympani bone
|
|
|
anterior wall of middle ear ~~
(2) |
1. opening of eustachian tube
2. tensor tympani muscle |
|
|
**role of eustachian tube:**
|
equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane,
by connecting middle ear to nasopharynx |
|
|
**what does the tensor tympani muscle do?**
|
pulls on the malleus, tightening the tympanic membrane to protect from excessive noise
|
|
|
**what does the stapedius muscle do?**
|
pulls on the stapes to tighten it and protect form excessive noise (vibrations)
|
|
|
**where are CN 7 cell bodies located?**
|
geniculate ganglia
- no synapses here |
|
|
3 important branches of CN 7:
|
1. greater petrosal nerve
2. nerve to stapedius 3. chorda tympani |
|
|
what is the vestibulocochlear organ embedded in?
|
the petrous portion of the temporal bone
|
|
|
membranous labyrinth = hand =
(4) |
1. three semicircular DUCTS
2. utricle 3. saccule 4. cochlear DUCT |
|
|
membranous labyrinth is filled with:
|
endolymph
|
|
|
bony labyrinth = large glove =
(3) |
1. three semicircular canals
2. vestibule 3. cochlea |
|
|
vestibule = site of:
|
oval window
- receives vibrations from middle ear |
|
|
orientation of semicircular canals:
|
**each at right angles to the other two**
|
|
|
***what do semicircular DUCTS convey?***
|
angular acc.
|
|
|
what does the utricle convery?
|
horizontal acc.
|
|
|
what does the saccule convey?
|
vertical acc.
|
|
|
blockage of endolyphatic duct =>
|
Meneire syndrome
|
|
|
symptoms of Meneire syndrome:
|
recurrent problems with hearing/balance
|
|
|
tinnitus =
|
ringing in ear
|
|
|
**another name for the cochlear duct = **
|
scala media
|
|
|
helicotrema =
|
point at which scala vestibuli and scala tympani meet
|
|
|
rubella during 7th week of pregnancy =>
|
congenital deafness
|
|
|
***CN 8 origin =
(2) |
cochlear and vestibular nuclei of pons
|
|
|
***components of CN 8 =
|
special sensory
|
|
|
ganglia of CN 8 (cell bodies) =
(2) |
1. cochlear (spiral) ganglion
2. vestibular ganglion |
|
|
targets of CN 8 =
(4) |
1. semicircular canals
2. utricle 3. saccule 4. cochlea |
|
|
***chorda tympani of CN 7 crosses the middle ear but:***
|
does NOTHING there
|
|
|
orientation of cervical facets:
|
horizontal
|
|
|
pterion = point at which:
|
frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones meet
|
|
|
calvaria =
(3) |
frontal bone, 2 parietals, and occipital
|
|
|
coronoid of mandible is anterior to:
|
condyle of mandible
|
|
|
The palatine process of the maxilla forms:
|
the hard palate of roof of mouth
|
|
|
lambdoid suture =
|
where parietal and occipital bones meet (one on each side)
|
|
|
bregma =
|
intersection of coronal and saggital sutures
|
|
|
lambda =
|
intersection of lambdoid and coronal sutures
|
