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266 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what do all abdominal muscles do?
|
compress abdominal contents
- and all except for TA flex the trunk |
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|
rectus sheath is formed by:
|
aponeuroses of external Ob, internal Ob, and TA
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the anterior layer of the rectus sheath covers:
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the entire anterior of RA
|
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the posterior layer of the rectus sheath covers how much of the posterior of RA?
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3/4's
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what is the arcuate line?
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the line at which half of the internal oblique and all of the TA tendons cross from posterior to anterior
|
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the arcuate line delineates where:
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the posterior sheath is no longer found
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above the arcuate line, which tendons are where?
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all of the external oblique and half of the internal oblique tendons are in front of RA,
the other half of internal oblique, and all of TA tendons, are behind RA (below the arcuate line, ALL tendons are in front of RA) |
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where does the superior epigastric artery anatomose with the inferior epigastric?
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around the arcuate line
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what is the inguinal ligament formed by?
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the lower border of the ext. Ob. aponeurosis
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the inguinal ligaments runs from:
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ASIS to pubic tubercle
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when do the gonads descend?
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in week 7 of embryo
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what is descent of the gonads?
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when gonads push through abdominal layers to descend, creating the inguinal canal
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3 facets of gonadal descent:
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1. gonads push through processus vaginalis (peritoneal outpocketing)
2. gonads are guided by the gabernaculum (CT) 3. take 3 abdominal layers with them |
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what 3 abdominal layers do the gonads take with them as they descend?
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external ob. aponeurosis, internal ob. aponeurosis, and transversalis fascia
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**which abdominal layer do gonads NOT take with them in their descent?**
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TA aponeurosis
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gonads for males = testes; apart from the abdominal layers, they bring:
(3) |
vessels, ducts, and nerves with them, forming the spermatic cord
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round ligament of uterus =
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remnant of gabernaculum
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border of inguinal canal: anterior wall =
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aponeurosis of external oblique
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border of inguinal canal: floor =
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inguinal ligament
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border of inguinal canal: posterior wall =
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transversalis fascia
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border of inguinal canal: roof =
(2) |
aponeuroses of internal oblique and TA
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what is the conjoint tendon?
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the combined insertion of internal oblique and TA
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what does the conjoint tendon do?
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reinforces the medial posterior wall of the inguinal canal
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what's another name for the conjoint tendon?
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inguinal falx
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which structures are found in the inguinal canal, in males?
(2) |
1. spermatic cord
2. ilioinguinal nerve |
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what structures are found within the spermatic cord?
(6) |
1. **genital branch** of genitofemoral nerve
2. cremasteric artery and vein 3. ductus vas deferens 4. artery to DVD 5. testicular artery 6. pampiniform venous plexus |
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**what's so great about the pampiniform venous plexus?**
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it surrounds the testicular artery, cooling the blood coming to the sperm, so that they can survive
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external spermatic fascia:
(2) |
1. arises from aponeurosis of ext ob.
2. attaches to superficial ring |
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cremasteric fascia:
(2) |
1. arises from aponeurosis of internal ob.
2. middle layer |
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cremaster muscle action =
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retracts testis when necessary
|
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internal spermatic fascia:
(2) |
1. arises from ***transversalis fascia***
2. attaches to deep ring |
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hydrocele =
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presence of peritoneal fluid near testis
|
|
|
3 facts about hydrocele:
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1. not uncommon in newborns
2. typically self-corrects within a year 3. may occur in adults |
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ilioinguinal nerve:
(2) |
1. innervates and pierces internal obliques and TA
2. enters inguinal canal, **bypassing deep ring** |
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genitofemoral nerve:
(3) |
1. genital branch **enters deep ring**
2. innervates cremaster 3. femoral branch innervates skin |
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**what do the ilioinguinal nerve and genitofemoral nerve have in common, regarding the inguinal canal?
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both pass through the superficial ring
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**the falciform ligament and ligamentum teres hepatis do NOT:
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connect bone to bone
|
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***indirect hernias:***
(5) |
1. congenital
2. ~ deep ring 3. most common, for both genders 4. enters scrotum 5. **found lateral to epigastric vessels** |
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***direct hernias:***
(3) |
1. ~ weak area of post. wall of inguinal canal
2. enclosed in sac by transversalis fascia 3. found Medial to epigastric vessels |
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hernias are reducible if:
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contents can be returned to normal position
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hernias are called strangulated if:
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blood supply to contents is compromised
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Richter's hernia ~
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strangulation without intestinal obstruction
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external hernia = hernia that:
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protrudes through all layers of abdominal wall
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hernias are extremely common and prevalence increases with:
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age
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*vast majority of hernias occurs in:
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the inguinal region
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majority (66%) of inguinal hernias are:
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*in*direct
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men are much more likely to have:
|
an inguinal hernia
than women |
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abdominal hernias tend to occur at sites where:
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there is no striated muscle
|
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femoral hernias are more common in:
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women
- though most women get indirect hernias |
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while contents of hernia may be large,
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hole/rupture may be small.
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mesentery =
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visceral peritoneum that **connects** visceral and parietal peritoneum
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2 features of abdominal mesenteries:
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1. **reflect off body wall**
2. provide path for **blood vessels to organs** (in between) |
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parietal peritoneum:
(2) |
1. covers body wall
2. innervated by general sensory => sharp pain |
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visceral peritoneum:
(2) |
1. shrink-wrapped onto organs
2. innervated by VSN => dull pain/fullness |
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intraperitoneal organs: definition and examples
|
organs found almost completely **inside** visceral peritoneum
- e.g. liver, stomach, spleen, part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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retroperitoneal organs =
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organs OUTSIDE of and behind parietal peritoneum
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secondarily retroperitoneal organs =
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those that, during development, come into contact with body wall and go from intraperitoneal to being covered by the parietal peritoneum
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peritonitis =
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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peritonitis =>
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ascites
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ascites =
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excess fluid in the **peritoneal cavity**
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what causes peritonitis?
(2) |
1. trauma
2. infection |
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how is ascites fixed?
|
*paracentesis*
(drainage) |
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greater omentum =
|
4 layers of peritoneum invested with fat
|
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greater omentum facets:
(3) |
1. suspended from greater curvature
2. provides protection from infection and pathway for neurovasculature 3. can wrap around inflamed organs to prevent peritonitis |
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lesser omentum =
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reflection of peritoneum (2 layers)
|
|
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lesser omentum facets:
(2) |
1. attaches lesser curvature and duodenum to liver
2. provides a path for neurovasculature |
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what are the 2 parts of the lesser omentum?
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1. hepatogastric ligament (main part)
2. hepatoduodenal ligament |
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most of the peritoneal cavity is called the:
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greater sac
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the greater sac is composed of 5 parts:
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1. supracolic compartment
2. infracolic compartment 3. subphrenic recess (right only) 4. ***subhepatic recess / Morrison's pouch (right only)*** 5. paracolic recesses (gutters on both sides) |
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the lesser sac is also called the
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omental bursa
|
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where is the lesser sac found?
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behind the liver, lesser omentum, and stomach
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what are the 3 recesses of the lesser sac?
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1. superior
2. splenic 3. inferior |
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***through what do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?***
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***the omental foramen / epiploic foramen of Winslow***
|
|
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boundaries of epiploic foramen of Winslow / omental foramen =
(4) |
liver, 1st part of duodenum, hepatoduodenal ligament, and IVC
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**the omental foramen is the site of:
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Pringle's maneuver
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Pringle's maneuver during liver bleeding =
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clamp the hepatoduodenal ligament behind the lesser omentum
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what artery does Pringle's maneuver interrupt?
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the common hepatic artery
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if bleeding continues despite Pringle's maneuver, it means:
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veins of the liver are damaged
(aka outflow) |
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fluid may abnormally accumulate in the:
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lesser sac
|
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where is the portal triad found?
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***within*** the hepatoduodenal ligament
|
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what is the portal triad composed of?
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1. common bile duct
2. portal vein 3. proper hepatic artery |
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roots of mesenteries =
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attachments to body wall
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*** but "root of mesentery" = ***
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attachment to body wall of the mesentery of the small intestine
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peritoneal ligaments connect:
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organ to organ
|
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peritoneal ligaments are double layers of peritoneum, and are a specific *type* of
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mesentery
|
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*** "lieno" =
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spleen
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examples of peritoneal ligaments:
(2) |
1. falciform - connects liver to abdominal wall
2. coronary ligament - connects liver to diaphragm, covers bare area of liver |
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a 3rd way to use "ligament" =
|
as embryologic remnant
e.g. ligamentum teres hepatis or ligamentum venosum (remnant of ductus venosus) |
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blood supply to abdomen:
(3) |
1. celiac trunk
2. superior mesentery artery 3. inferior mesentery artery |
|
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celiac trunk:
(3) |
1. comes off aorta, just below diaphragm
2. ~ T12 3. supplies foregut |
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foregut =
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esophagus to 1st part of duodenum
(includes, liver, pancrease, gallbladder) |
|
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3 branches of Celiac trunk:
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1. common hepatic artery
2. splenic artery 3. left gastric artery |
|
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common hepatic artery =>
(3) |
1. proper hepatic
2. right gastric 3. gastroduodenal |
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common hepatic artery supplies:
(5) |
1. liver 2. gallbladder 3. stomach 4. pancreas 5. some duodenum
|
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splenic artery (torturous/winding) supplies:
(2) |
1. spleen
2. greater curvature |
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left gastric artery (smallest) supplies:
(2) |
1. lesser curvature
2. distal esophagus |
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superior mesenteric artery:
(3) |
1. off aorta, behind pancreas
2. ~ L1 3. supplies midgut |
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midgut =
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rest of duodenum to part of transverse colon
|
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inferior mesenteric artery:
(3) |
1. off distal aorta
2. ~ L3 3. supplies hindgut |
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hindgut =
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rest of transverse colon to proximal rectum
|
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***if the inferior mesentery is occluded, the colon is still supplied by:
|
the superior mesentery, via the ***merginal artery of the colon***
|
|
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**another name for marginal artery of the colon = **
|
artery of Drummond
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technically, there's only ______________ in the peritoneal cavity
|
serous fluid
|
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FAST scan =
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Focused Assessment with Sinography for Trauma
|
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liver doesn't hold sutures well;
|
stuff it with greater omentum
|
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***how are the fore, mid, and hindgut formed?***
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via **body folding of the endoderm**
collectively, they are called the primitive gut |
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collectively, the fore, mid, and hindgut are called:
|
the primitive gut
|
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the foregut terminates at:
|
the oropharyngeal membrane
|
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the hindgut terminates at:
|
the cloacal membrane
|
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what forms the parietal peritoneum?
|
somatic LPM
|
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what forms the visceral peritoneum?
|
splanchnic LPM
|
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retroperitoneal organs =
|
organs that lie against the posterior body wall, covered by the parietal peritoneum on the anterior side
|
|
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ventral mesentery grows out of:
|
the septum transversum
|
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***what does the liver grow out of?***
|
***the ventral mesentery,*** dividing it into 2 parts
|
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the 2 parts that the liver divides the ventral mesentery into:
|
1. lesser omentum (posteriorly)
2. falciform ligament |
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the falciform ligament contains the:
|
umbilical vein
|
|
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what forms the muscular wall of the esophagus?
|
the splanchnic LPM
|
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what does rotation of the stomach do?
|
pulls the dorsal mesentery to create the **greater omentum**
|
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another name for dorsal mesentery =
|
dorsal mesogastrium
|
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where do the spleen and pancreas form?
|
**within the dorsal mesentery**
|
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the pancreas is a:
|
secondary retroperitoneal organ
|
|
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what connects the spleen to the body wall?
|
the lienorenal ligament
|
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what forms the pancreas?
|
the dorsal and ventral buds of the duodenum
|
|
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how does Annular Pancreas come about?
|
the ventral pancreatic bud bifurcates
|
|
|
annular pancreas =>
|
duodenum encircled by pancreatic tissue => constriction => obstuction
|
|
|
what is the duodenum derived from?
|
both the foregut and the midgut
|
|
|
the lumen of the duodenum is initially:
|
destroyed, then *recanalized*
|
|
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**incomplete recanalization** =>
|
stenosis of the duodenum
|
|
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**absent recanalization =>
|
duodenal atresia
|
|
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abnormal recanalizations also occur in:
(3) |
1. esophagus
2. jejunum 2. ileum |
|
|
**pyloric atresia/stenosis is a result of:
|
hypertrophy, NOT abnormal recanalization
|
|
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what forms the midgut?
|
the primary intestinal loop
|
|
|
***physiological umbilical herniation = ***
|
intestinal loops protruding into extraembryonic cavity, within the umbilicus
|
|
|
***as the embryo grows, umbilical herniation is:***
|
reversed - intestines get pulled back in
|
|
|
**omphocele =
|
failure of intestines within umbilicus to retract
|
|
|
**gastroschisis =
|
intestines straight-up outside the body, in contact with air
- NOT within umbilicus |
|
|
the hindgut and allantois are separated by:
|
the urorectal septum
|
|
|
***what two canals does the urorectal septum produce?***
|
1. urogenital sinus
2. anorectal canal - the cloacal membrane ruptures, forming a different hole for each tube |
|
|
***Hirschsprung disease =
|
congenital megacolon due to absence of parasympathetic ganglia in bowel wall
- no peristalsis => waste blockage |
|
|
(parasympathetic ganglia are derived from:
|
the neural crest
|
|
|
somatic innervation targets:
(4) |
1. muscle
2. skin 3. joints 4. tendons |
|
|
visceral innervation targets:
|
1. mucous membranes
2. glands 3. SM 4. cardiac muscle |
|
|
only VMN's are a:
|
two-neuron system
|
|
|
the sympathetic (visceral) system:
(4) |
1. location of preganglionic bodies = ***T1-L2**
2. location of synapse = paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia 3. postsynaptic NT = NORI (except sweat glands) 4. **short** preganglionic axons |
|
|
the parasympathetic system:
(4) |
1. craniosacral
2. location of synapse = wall of organ 3. postsynaptic NT = ACH 4. LONG preganglionic axons |
|
|
***splanchnic nerves come off of:***
|
sympathetic chains
|
|
|
***some preganglionic fibers enter the splanchnic nerve and travel within it to:***
|
synapse on a **prevertebral ganglion**
(i.e. NOT in sympathetic chain) |
|
|
***some preganglionic fibers synapse in the sympathetic chain; then, POSTganglionic fibers travel through:***
|
splanchnic nerves to reach their targets
|
|
|
***2 ways of using splanchnic nerves:***
|
1. preganglionic neurons travel through them to synapse on prevertebral ganglia
2. postganglionic neurons travel through them to innervate their target |
|
|
***sympathetic innervation of the heart AND lungs comes from:***
|
T1-T4
|
|
|
***what does the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation of?***
(5) |
1. heart
2. lungs 3. foregut 4. midgut 5. kidneys |
|
|
VSN's paralleling sympathetic VMN's convery:
|
pain
|
|
|
VSN's paralleling parasympathetic VMN's convery:
|
reflexes/status
|
|
|
a celiac ganglion (solar plexus) block controls:
|
pain in patients with inoperable abdominal tumors
|
|
|
***sympathetic innervation of the midgut and kidney comes from:***
|
T10 and T11
|
|
|
**sympathetic innervation of the hindgut comes from:**
|
L1 and L2
|
|
|
***what provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?***
|
S2-S4
- too far away for the vagus |
|
|
****what's so special about the suprarenal gland?****
|
it's supplied directly by a sympathetic, preganglionic neuron
- NO postganglionic, NO parasympathetic innervation => NOREPI from preganglionic turns in on, no NOREPI from preganglionic shuts it down |
|
|
5 sympathetic responses:
|
1. dec. salivation
2. dec. tears 3. dec peristalsis 4. release of EPI 5. inc. sweating |
|
|
***referred pain: visceral pain is perceived as:
|
somatic in origin,
as if it originated from skin or body wall |
|
|
referred pain: the same spinal segments innervate the skin as:
|
innervate the organs that are hurt
(remember the diaphragm example) |
|
|
visceral pain is:
|
dull and hard to pinpoint
|
|
|
****preganglionic fibers that innervate the thorax synapse at:****
|
the sympathetic chain
|
|
|
****preganglionic fibers that innervate the abdomen synapse at:****
|
a prevertebral ganglia
|
|
|
***splanchnic nerves with SC names are:***
|
**sympathetic**
|
|
|
pelvic splanchnic nerves are:
|
**parasympathetic**
|
|
|
parasympathetic nerves originate in:
(2) |
1. the BS
2. S2-S4 |
|
|
malrotation is a:
|
pediatric surgical emergency.
surgical exploration is necessary |
|
|
***hallmark of malrotation =
|
biliary (green) emesis
- with atypical midgut volvus |
|
|
volvus =
|
torsion of the intestines => obstruction
|
|
|
most vessels of the embryo form via:
|
vasculogenesis
|
|
|
some vessels form via:
|
angiogenesis
|
|
|
in angiogenesis, existing vessels:
|
fuse
|
|
|
all blood vessels come from:
|
splanchnic LPM
- form around the yoke sac |
|
|
vitelline vessels:
(3) |
1. temporary - get replaced by umbilical vessels
2. heart forms as their continuation 3. also make the paired dorsal aortae and cardinal veins |
|
|
umbilical arteries branch out of the ____________ and travel to ___________
|
dorsal aortae;
the placenta - **oxygenated** umbilical veins return to the embryo |
|
|
eventually, umbilical and vitrelline vessels are bundled in the:
|
umbilicus
|
|
|
what does the aortic sac come off of?
|
the developing heart
|
|
|
***what does the aortic sac give off?
|
**5 pairs of arched branches** that feed into the dorsal aortae
|
|
|
***the dorsal aortae converge to form the:
|
aorta proper
|
|
|
***arches 1-3 + dorsal aortae form the:
|
**carotid arteries** and their branches
|
|
|
***the LEFT 4th arch forms the:***
|
**aortic arch**
|
|
|
the right 4th arch becomes:
|
the right subclavian
|
|
|
***both 6th arches form the:***
|
pulmonary **arteries**
|
|
|
what side is the ductus arteriosus found on?
|
left side
|
|
|
what does the ductus arteriosus do?
|
**shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta,**
- thereby **bypassing lungs until birth** |
|
|
what does the ductus arteriosus become?
|
the ligamentum arteriosus
|
|
|
PDA =>
|
extra blood in systemic circulation
(~rubella) |
|
|
***the vitelline arterial plexus is remodeled into:***
(3) |
celiac trunk, SMA, and IMA
|
|
|
***vitelline veins form:***
|
the **portal vein**
|
|
|
what happens to the right umbilical vein?
|
it degenerates
|
|
|
the left umbilical vein closes after birth and becomes the:
|
ligamentum teres hepatis
|
|
|
ductus venosus:
(2) |
1. shunts blood to bypass liver
2. closes after birth, becoming lig. venosum |
|
|
***in total, the aortic arches become:***
(4) |
1. carotid arteries
2. aortic arch 3. pulmonary arteries 4. ductus arteriosus |
|
|
***cardinal veins become the:***
(2) |
SVC and IVC
|
|
|
***the left umbilical vein brings blood back from:***
|
the placenta
|
|
|
stomach:
(3) |
1. cardiac sphincter ~ esophagus
2. angular incisure = tiny cave near pyloric sphincter 3. pyloric antrum = cave |
|
|
"carcinoma" =
|
tumor from ecto or endoderm
|
|
|
"sarcoma" =
|
tumor from mesoderm
|
|
|
"adeno" ~
|
glandular
|
|
|
adenocarcinoma of the stomach =
|
malignant tumor of epithelium
|
|
|
adenocarcinoma of the stomach ~
(2) |
1. more common after age 50
2. ~ aggressive spread to adjacent organs |
|
|
the 1st part of the duodenum is:
|
intraperitoneal
- the rest is retroperitoneal |
|
|
1st part of duo:
(4) |
1. superior
2. has duo cap 3. most duo ulcers occur here 4. ~ L1 |
|
|
2nd part of duo:
(3) |
1. descending
2. contains major and minor papillae 3. ~ L2-L3 |
|
|
**major papilla = opening of:**
(2) |
common bile duct and main pancreatic duct
|
|
|
3rd part of duo:
(4) |
1. inferior/transverse
2. crosses aorta and IVC 3. SMA and SMV run OVER it 4. ~ L3 |
|
|
4th part of duo:
(2) |
1. ascending
2. ~ L2 |
|
|
**ligament of Treitz:**
(2) |
1. *skeletal* muscle off of diaphragm
2. suspends duodenojejunal flexure |
|
|
jejunum:
(2) |
1. supplied by LONG vasa recta
2. mostly in LUQ |
|
|
ileum:
(2) |
1. supplied by SHORT vasa recta, but has many more arterial arcades
2. ends in iliocecal sphincter |
|
|
diverticula =
|
pouches of intestines
|
|
|
cecum =
|
first part of colon
|
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ascending and descending parts of colon are:
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retroperitoneal
|
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***what's the significance of being 2/3's of the way across the transverse colon?***
(3) |
1. division of midgut and hindgut
2. place where parasympathetic innervation switches from vagus nerve to S2-S4 3. blood supply changes from SMA to IMA |
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adenocarcinomas of the colon:
(3) |
1. ~ *descending* colon
2. in one's 60's 3. apple-core appearance |
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the gallbladder is:
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hollow
|
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porta hepatis = door of liver =
(2) |
1. point of entry for **hepatic arteries and portal vein**
2. point of exit for hepatic ducts |
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cirrhosis of the liver =>
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disorganized structure, scarring and nodules
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main effect of cirrhosis of liver =
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blood rerouted from portal system to IVC via anastomoses
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hemorrhoids =
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abnormally-enlarged veins
|
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varices =
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tortuous/knotted veins
|
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2 conditions out of cirrhosis:
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1. esophageal varices
2. caput medusae |
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esophageal varices =>
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easy bleeding/coughing up blood
- deadly |
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**unneeded bile is stored in:**
|
the gallbladder;
actually travels back up the common bile duct |
|
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cholecystitis =
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acute inflammation of gallbladder
|
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cholecystitis is complicated by:
|
gallstones
|
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cholelithiasis =
|
gallstones
|
|
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cholelithiasis:
(2) |
1. higher in women
2. associated with obesity and multiple pregnancies |
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the pancreas is mostly:
|
retroperitoneal
|
|
|
the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct at:
|
the hepatopancreatic ampulla
|
|
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uncinate of the pancreas =
|
hook-like part near head of pancreas
|
|
|
***blood supply to pancreas = ***
(2) |
1. celiac from above
2. SMA from below |
|
|
carcinoma of pancreas:
(4) |
1. at head of pancreas
2. esp. in smokers 3. **obstructs bile duct** => jaundice 4. dead within a year |
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hepatic portal system =
|
venous drainage of spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and abdominal GI tract
|
|
|
what does the portal system do?
|
**takes nutrient-rich blood to liver**
- NOT O2 |
|
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***portal vein = ***
(3) |
splenic vein + SMV
(IMV goes into splenic) |
|
|
***the portal and systemic venous circulation share:***
|
small anastomoses
|
|
|
obstruction of liver =>
|
blood shunted to IVC
- **bypasses liver** |
|
|
***overuse of small anastomoses =>
|
inflammation => internal hemorrhoids
|
|
|
lymph drainage of GI tract =
(3) |
celiac, superior mesentery, and inferior mesentery nodes
|
|
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ductus venosus:
(2) |
1. bypassed liver
2. becomes ligamentum venosum after birth |
|
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umbilical vein becomes:
|
ligamentum teres hepatis
|
|
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ductus arteriosus bypasses:
|
the lungs
|
|
|
which arteries supply the inferior of the diaphragm?
|
the inferior phrenic arteries
|
|
|
****structures passing through diapragm:****
(3) |
1. IVC / right phrenic nerve (T8)
2. Esophagus / ant. and post. vagal trunks (T10) 3. Aorta / thoracic duct / azygos vein (T12) |
|
|
kidneys:
(4) |
1. located T12-L3
2. around ribs 11 and 12 3. right kidney is lower 4. retroperitoneal |
|
|
layers of kidneys: outside =>
|
pararenal fat => renal fascia => perirenal fat covering kidneys
|
|
|
polycystic kidney disease:
(3) |
1. replacement of renal tissue with cysts on both
2. AD inheritance 3. blood in urine and HTN until progressive renal failure |
|
|
hydronephrosis =
|
progressive dilation of renal calyces => big holes
|
|
|
hydronephrosis is caused by:
|
urinary tract obstruction
|
|
|
pelvic kidney =
|
one fails to ascend due to obstruction by IMA
|
|
|
horse-shoe kidneys =
|
both fuse and don't ascend
|
|
|
renal cell carcinoma:
(2) |
1. most common renal malignancy
2. men, 50-70 |
|
|
ureters transport:
|
urine form kidneys to bladder
|
|
|
**suprarenal / adrenal glands are supplied by:
(3) |
superior, middle, and inferior renal arteries
|
|
|
adrenal glands are drained by:
(2) |
the right and left suprarenal veins
|
|
|
abdominal aorta:
(2) |
1. from T12 to L4
2. terminates as common iliacs |
|
|
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms are a result of:
(4) |
1. athero
2. HTN 3. wound 4. infections |
|
|
***the IVC returns blood from ___________ except for _______***
|
below the diaphragm;
blood from the gut |
|
|
****structures on the left side of the body use ______ to get to the ____****
|
left renal vein;
IVC |
|
|
portal veins => liver =>
|
hepatic veins => IVC
|
|
|
colon cancer imaging ~
|
apple core
|
|
|
the accessory hemizygos vein joins the azygos at:
|
T7
|
|
|
4 branches of SMA =
|
1. middle colic
2. right colic 3. iliocoli 4. jejunal and ileal branches |
|
|
3 branches of IMA =
|
1. left colic
2. sigmoidal branch 3. superior rectal branch |
