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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary Prevention:
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avoiding the disease
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Secondary Prevention:
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detecting disease while it is in a more treatable state; examples include mammograms, colonoscopies, etc.
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Tertiary Prevention:
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managing the disease so as to avoid disability or death
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Lead Time Bias
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bias that arises when you dx a pt with a disease earlier by using a screening test, but that person dies @ the same time as another who was dx without a screening test at a later time; all you did was increase the time known of the disease
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Length Bias
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when a screening test picks up a slower growing tumor, but still does not extend life for that person
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Criteria for a Good Screening Test:
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1. disease is common
2. disease has known natural history 3. lag phase exists b/w detection and irreversible outcome 4. early detection does more than just increase known existence of disease 5. public accepts screening test 6. risk of screening test is less than risk of not diagnosing the disease 7. screening test is cheap, simple, accurate, repeatable 8. screening test is sensitive and specific |
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In 2006 the 3 leading causes of death in males were:
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1. lung
2. colon/rectum 3. prostate |
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In 2006 the 3 leading causes of death in females were:
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1. lung
2. breast 3. colon/rectum |
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T/F: Whites are surviving more cancers than blacks.
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True.
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Sensitivity
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how good the test is @ identifying correctly when someone has a disease
TP/TP + FN = "True + Rate" = Sensitivity |
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Specificity
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how good a test is at identifying correctly who does NOT have the disease
TN/TN + FP = True (-) Rate = Specificity |
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False + Rate =
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1 - Specificity
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False (-) Rate =
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1 - Sensitivity
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Predictive Value
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how valuable the + or - result is; how likely is the person to have the disease, given the results
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Positive Predictive Value
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PPV = TP/TP + FP
probability that person tested + and has disease |
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Negative Predictive Value
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NPV = TN/TN + FN
probability that person tested - and does not have the disease |
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Likelihood Ratio
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other way of describing a performance of a Dx test; used to calc probability of a disease after a (+) or (-) test; expresses how many more or less times likely a result is to be found in diseased v. non-diseased people; ratio of two probabilites
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Positive Likelihood Ratio
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+LR = [a/a+c]/[b/b+d]
+LR = sensitivity/1-specificity +LR = true + rate/false + rate |
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Negative Likelihood Ratio
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-LR = [c/a+c]/[d/b+d]
-LR = 1-sensitivity/specificity -LR = false (-) rate/true (-) rate |
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Sequential/Serial Testing
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person is considered (+) after two tests show (+) values; net sensitivity down, net specificity up
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Simultaneous/Parallel Testing
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two tests need to be (-) in order to make a (-) dx; if one is (+), then dx is (+)
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