Scnm Q6 Botm 743 Quiz 1

Front 1

What herbs belong to the Asteraceae family and what is the contraindication of this family?

Back 1

Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)
Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset)
Calendula officinalis
Echinacea sp
Contact dermatitis can occur with external use in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae family.

Front 2

Which herbs are diaphoretic?

Back 2

Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset - one of the most potent diaphoretics)
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)
Sambucus nigra/canadensis FLOWERS (Elderberry)
Ligusticum porteri (Osha root)

Front 3

Which herbs are lymphagogues?

Back 3

Sambucus nigra/canadensis BERRIES (Elderberry)
Calendula officinalis
Galium aparine (Cleavers)
Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo)
Phytolacca americana/decandra (Poke root)
Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple)
Ligusticum porteri (Osha root)

Front 4

Which herbs are completely safe for use in pregnancy?

Back 4

1) Sambucus nigra/canadensis (Elderberry)
2) Calendula officinalis
3) Galium aparine (Cleavers)
4) Echinacea sp
5) Ligustrum lucidum
6) Usnea (Old Man's Beard)

Front 5

What are the key constituents in Achillea millefolium that make it cautionary for use in pregnancy and lactation?

Back 5

Alkaloids and tannins

Front 6

What are the primary actions and uses of Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)?

Back 6

Primary actions: diaphoretic, styptic, vulnerary, bitter
Uses: Mostly acute conditions as a cooling diaphoretic. Peripheral vasodilator. Venotonic. Antiseptic, astringent, and tonifying effect on mucous membranes. Increase digestive enzyme secretion. Vulnerary and styptic externally and internally.

Front 7

What constituent does Eupatorium perfoliatum contain that makes it unsafe to use in pregnancy/lactation or liver disease?

Back 7

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
(As a side note, I've read that this species has been found to NOT contain PA, though other species of Eupatorium do)

Front 8

What are the primary actions and uses of Eupatorium perfoliatum?

Back 8

Also known as Boneset, primary actions are diaphoretic (one of the most potent), and immune stimulant. Used for bone-aching fever. Used to treat the 1918 flu. Reduces mucus congestion in the URT and is a good digestive stimulant.

Front 9

How do you prescribe Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset) for acute illness? For a tonifying herb for digestion, liver, bowel and lungs?

Back 9

Acute: Drink 1-3 cups of hot tea every 4-6 hrs until fever breaks
Tonic: Drink cold tea

Front 10

What will Eupatorium perfoliatum do if taken in large doses?

Back 10

Act as an emetic

Front 11

What are the primary actions and uses of the flowers of Sambucus nigris/canadensis?

Back 11

Known as Elderberry, the flowers are anti-catarrhal, anti-oxidant, and diaphoretic. The infusion drunk hot can act as a mild diaphoretic, a gentle nervine and a soothing diuretic (becomes more diuretic as it cools). Flowers also treat congestion and inflammation and are used in sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.

Front 12

What are the berries of Sambucus nigris/canadensis used for and what are the primary actions?

Back 12

Primary actions: Anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory/lymphagogue.
Used to treat chronic asthma and allergies (due to mast cell stabiliation). Also used in treating rheumatic joints.

Front 13

What are the leaves root and bark of Sambucus nigris/canadensis used for? Why can't we take them internally?

Back 13

Used externally to treat hemorrhoids and wounds.
They contain sambunigrin, which is toxic.

Front 14

What are the primary actions and uses of Calendula officinalis?

Back 14

Actions: Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, lymphagogue, vulnerary.
Uses: Externally for skin problems or cysts or fibrocystic breasts; internally as a mild, stimulating and diffuse lymphagogue (especially pelvis and breasts)

Front 15

What part of Calendula officinalis do we use?

Back 15

The flower, which is better fresh

Front 16

What part of Galium aparine do we use?

Back 16

Aerial

Front 17

What are the primary actions and uses of Galium aparine (Cleavers)?

Back 17

Actions: lymphagogue, alterative, anti-inflammatory
Uses: As a lymphagogue, it is gentle, safe and may be sued in a wide range of lymphatic problems, including in the treatment of ulcers and tumors. As an alterative, it promotes detoxification. As an anti-inflammatory, it works well in the urinary system in cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, and pyelonephritis, as well as reducing urinary stones.

Front 18

What are the three berberine-containing plants that we studied?

Back 18

Berberis vulgaris (Barberry), Berberis/Mahonia aquefolium (Oregon Grape Root), Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)

Front 19

What part of the berberine-containg plants do we typically use?

Back 19

Root

Front 20

What are the primary actions and uses of the berberine-containing plants?

Back 20

Actions: anti-microbial, immune stimulant, bitter, alterative
Uses: As an anti-microbial and immune stimulant, they're used in pharyngitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis, UTI, conjunctivitis and sinusitis, as well as upper respiratory tract and GI. As a bitter and alterative, they're used for weak or debilitated people to strengthen and cleans the system, and heal ulcerations of the GI tract.

Front 21

To have an effect on specific membranes, how must the berberine-containing plants be applied?

Back 21

The strongest action is when the herb touches the infected tissue directly, so care must be taken to dilute appropriately for sinus washes and eye drops.

Front 22

What parts of Echinacea sp do we use?

Back 22

Mainly the root, but also the seeds and flowers

Front 23

What are the primary actions and uses of Echinacea?

Back 23

Actions: alterative, antimicrobial, immune stimulant
Uses: As an alterative it clears heat and resolves toxins.
As an antimicrobial and immune stimulant it increases the number and activity of PMNs and macrophages, stimulates T-lymphocyte proliferation as well as production of TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and interferon 2, and acts effectively against many bacteria (Staph, Strep, Proteus).
It's been used in upper respiratory tract infections, bacterial and viral infections. Also used as a poultice on skin conditions like boils, abscesses, ulcers, septicemia, syphilis, cancer and gangrene.

Front 24

How did the Indians use Echinacea?

Back 24

To flush out toxins; snakebites

Front 25

What is the concern with taking Echinacea long term?

Back 25

Due to the non-specific immune stimulation, caution must be used in autoimmune diseases, HIV and AIDS as well as progressive systemic diseases. Ex: Lupus, MS, TB, RA

Front 26

Based on studies, what is one mechanism that Echinacea uses to prevent pathogenic bacteria from gaining entry into the cells?

Back 26

It has anti-hyaluronidase activity.

Front 27

What are the primary actions and uses of Boswellia spp?

Back 27

Known as Frankincense.
Actions: anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory
Uses: As an anti-microbial it's used orally to treat gingivitis and pyorrhea as well as in the pulmonary area (both externally and internally).
As an anti-inflammatory it is used for conditions throughout the EENT, respiratory and GI tracts (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's), also used in rheumatic and connective tissue inflammation (OA, RA, trauma, sprain/strain, post-op)

Front 28

Pharmacologically, how does Boswellia reduce inflammation?

Back 28

It's been shown to reduce leukotrienes activity through Boswellic acids, which inhibit 5-lipoxygenase. (Useful in the treatment of asthma.)

Front 29

What are the primary actions and uses of Commiphora molmol/myrrha?

Back 29

Actions: astringent, antimicrobial, immune-stimulant
Uses: Supports immune function by stimulating WBC production and activity.
Treats inflammation and infection of mucous membranes (apthous stomatitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, respiratory infections, GI, topically for boils, wounds, ulcers and abrasions).
Heals the gut mucosa, improving GALT and Peyer's patch function.
Used orally as well.

Front 30

What can large doses of Commiphora myrrha cause?

Back 30

Diarrhea and vomiting

Front 31

Which herb is restricted and requires a license to use?

Back 31

Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo)

Front 32

What part of Baptisia tinctoria do we use?

Back 32

Root

Front 33

What are the primary actions and uses of Baptisia tinctoria?

Back 33

Known as Wild Indigo.
Actions: Lymphagogue, alterative, immune-stimulant, antimicrobial
Uses: Most commonly used in sepsis or where there is ulceration or necrosis.
Chronically or acutely enlarged tonsils with lymphadenopathy.
Indications include a dusky red to bluish color to the inflamed tissue and it appears ulcerated, decayed or putrid. (Tissue may look like raw meat or smell like rotting meat, there may be dark, tar-like fetid discharges from the bowels, putrid secretions.)
Also used in gangrene and cellulitis.

Front 34

What kind of taste/character does Baptisia tinctoria have?

Back 34

ACRID. Also bitter, cooling, drying

Front 35

How long should someone use Baptisia tinctoria?

Back 35

No longer than a month

Front 36

What does Baptisia tinctoria cause in large doses? What are the antidotes?

Back 36

Emesis. Promote emesis and use activated charcoal if early. Tannins and strong tea immediately to 30 minutes after ingestion.

Front 37

Which herb contains the alkaloid sparteine and has been classified as oxytocic (promotes labor)?

Back 37

Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo)

Front 38

What are the primary actions and uses of Phytolacca americana/decandra?

Back 38

Known as Poke Root.
Actions: Alterative, lymphagogue
Uses: As an alterative it's used in detox formulas.
As a lymphagogue it's especially useful for mastitis (topically), cervical lymphadenopathy, and tonsillitis.

Front 39

What are the symptoms of toxicity for Phytolacca americana/decandra?

Back 39

Initial burning sensation in the mouth and throat followed a few hours later by nausea, vomiting, intense abdominal cramping, profuse sweating, watery or bloody diarrhea.
Other symptoms: hypotension, tachycardia, urinary incontinence, confusion, unconsciousness and tremors.
Nonfatal cases usually recover within 24-48 hours with medical treatment. Death is by respiratory paralysis.

Front 40

T/F: We use the fresh form of Phytolacca americana/decandra?

Back 40

False. The fresh plant is toxic. We use the dried root.

Front 41

Which herb is part of Turska's formula to treat ovarian cysts, endometriosis and uterine fibroids?

Back 41

Phytolacca americana/decandra (Poke Root)

Front 42

What part of Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple) do we use?

Back 42

Rhizome and the resin extracted from the rhizome

Front 43

What are some of the key constituents of Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple)?

Back 43

Glycosides, podophyllic acid and podophyllotoxin

Front 44

What are some of the primary actions and uses of Podophyllum peltatum?

Back 44

Known as May Apple
Actions: Alterative, cathartic, cholagogue, lymphagogue, cytotoxic, antiviral
Uses: The Native Americans used it to treat worms and as a cathartic.
Used externally to treat warts.
It is a gastro-intestinal irritant and a powerful hepatic and intestinal stimulant.
Specific Indication: Think FULLNESS of tissues, veins, pulse with dirty, yellowish coating on tongue

Front 45

What cautions should be used when applying Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple) externally to a wart?

Back 45

It can erode and ulcerate good tissue, so put vaseline on surrounding tissue to protect it.

Front 46

What cautions should be taken when prescribing Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple) for internal use?

Back 46

The FDA does not recommend internal use. It should be taken in very low doses only and results may take 4-12 hours. Large doses will cause violent emesis and gastroenteritis.

Front 47

What are the primary actions and uses of Ligusticum porteri?

Back 47

Known as Osha.
Actions: Antimicrobial, immune-stimulant, lymphagogue
Uses: Native Americans chewed the root to increase stamina.
Osha has an affinity for the respiratory tract and is good for acute viral URIs. Also can be helpful when cough, cold or flu lingers.
A secondary action is as a heating diaphoretic and it will help open the sinuses at the onset of upper respiratory

Front 48

What constituents make Ligusticum porteri contraindicated in pregnancy?

Back 48

Alkaloids and glycosides

Front 49

What part of Ligusticum porteri do we use?

Back 49

Root

Front 50

What herb is not used much in Western herbalism but is used commonly in TCM as a longevity tonic?

Back 50

Ligustrum lucidum

Front 51

What is the primary action and medicinal uses of Ligustrum lucidum?

Back 51

Action: Immune modulator
Uses: Can be used for both acute and chronic conditions.
Enhances WBC count after chemo or radiation.
Can be used for acute infections like bronchitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, laryngitis, dysentery, gastroenteritis and UTI's.
Used with Astragalus to treat cancer.

Front 52

What herb has many similarities to Astragulus in how it enhances cell proliferation in immune system and marrow?

Back 52

Ligustrum lucidum

Front 53

Are there any known toxicities or contraindications for Ligustrum lucidum?

Back 53

No

Front 54

What part of Ligustrum lucidum is used?

Back 54

Fruit

Front 55

What key constituent of Larrea tridentata is a powerful antioxidant that inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase?

Back 55

NDGA - nordihydroguaiuretic acid

Front 56

What are the primary actions and uses of Larrea tridentata?

Back 56

Actions: Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant
Uses: Internally - cramping and joint pains, allergies, parasites.
Externally - reduce inflammation and pain, promote healing.
Treats various infectious conditions both topically and internally (skin abrasions, cuts, insect stings/bites, pharyngitis, tonsillitis.

Front 57

What's the maximum amount of time to take Larrea tridentata?

Back 57

8 weeks.

Front 58

What are the contraindications for Larrea tridentata?

Back 58

Pregnancy and lactation
Active hepatitis, hepatic or renal damage (monitor liver enzymes if there is concern)

Front 59

What desert plant has been shown to be highly antimicrobial against Shigella, Salmonella, Candida albicans, Pseudomonis, E. coli, Staph aureus, Staph pyoogenes, Staph viridens, and even partially effective against Neiserria gonorrhea and TB?

Back 59

Lomatium dissectum (Desert Parsley)

Front 60

What herb has a high affinity for the lungs?

Back 60

Lomatium dissectum (Desert Parsley)

Front 61

What are the contraindications for Lomatium dissectum (Desert Parsley)?

Back 61

Pregnancy
Also, the resins occasionally cause a sensitivity reaction in some people that causes a maculopapular rash resembling measles. (They will get it a few hours within taking and it will disappear several days after discontinuing it)