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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What enzyme converts 25 OH cholecalciferol to 1,25 OH cholecalciferol?
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1-alpha hydroxylase
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If NaCl is high in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, how does the macula densa respond?
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It sends a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole to constrict, increasing resistance and decreasing GFR.
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What are all of the effects of angiotensin II?
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Increase aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex
Increase ADH and thirst in hypothalamus Increase cardiovascular response in medulla Vasoconstrict arterioles (including the efferent arterioles of the nephrons in the kidney) |
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What do the Type A and Type B intercalated cells do in the nephron and where are they located?
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They're located in the collecting duct. Type A is activated in acidosis and secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-.
Type B is activated in alkalosis and secretes HCO3- reabsorb H+ |
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What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
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Water (About 2/3 of it)
Na, Ca, Mg, Ph Glucose HCO3- (90% of it) Amino acids Urea |
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Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
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The thin ascending loop of Henle
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What is the inner layer of Bowman's capsule called and what is it composed of?
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Visceral layer - composed of podocytes
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What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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Describe the epithelium cells of the urinary system beginning with Bowman's capsule and ending with the bladder.
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Bowman's capsule inner wall: modified epithelial cells called podocytes
Bowman's capsule outer wall: simple squamous Proximal tubule: simple cuboidal Thin limbs of Henle: simple squamous Distal tubule: simple cuboidal; also includes the macula densa cells (simple columnar) where the distal tubule comes in contact with the renal corpuscle Collecting duct: 2 types of simple cuboidal cells: Principal and Intercalated Minor calyx, major calyx, ureters and bladder are all transitional epithelium |
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Describe the muscularis layer of the ureters.
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There is an inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. The outer longitudinal layer is not present in the entire ureter. The main function of the muscularis is peristalsis which propels the urine.
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How does micturition occur and what keeps it from occurring?
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Parasympathetic fibers in the pelvic splanchnic nerve induce a contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter; somatic motor fibers in the pudendal nerve cause voluntary relation of the external urethral sphincter.
Sympathetic fibers induce relaxation of the bladder wall and constrict the internal sphincter, inhibiting emptying. |
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What's the difference between principal cells and intercalated cells in the collecting tubule?
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Principal cells possess numerous aquaporin-2 channels that are sensitive to ADH.
Intercalated cells are either type A or type B and either transport H+ into the lumen (type A) or resorb H+ and secrete HCO3- (type B) |
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What are the 3 sections of a male urethra?
What type of epithelium lines each part? |
Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra
The prostatic urethra is lined by transitional epithelium. Membranous urethra is psuedostratified columnar epithelium. Spongy urethra is psuedostratified columnar epithelium which then transitions to stratified squamous epithelium distally. |
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Approximately how many nephron are in each kidney?
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About 1 million in each
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What vessels arise from the efferent arteriole?
a. Afferent arteriole b. Efferent arteriole c. Capillary tuft d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta |
d - Peritubular capillaries
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Where are podocytes seen?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Macula densa |
a - Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
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What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule c. Pedicels d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Macula densa |
e - Macula densa
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Give the main association:
Diffuse proliferative GN Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
SLE - major cause of death in SLE
Nephritic |
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Give the main association:
Poststreptococcal GN Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
Strep pyogenes
Nephritic |
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Give the main association:
Rapidly progressive crescentic GN Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
Goodpasture's, Wegener's and polyarteritis (poor prognosis)
Nephritic |
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Give the main association:
Berger's (IgA glomerulopathy) Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
Most common; mesangial IgA immunocomplex deposits
Nephritic |
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Give the main association:
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
HIV and IV heroin abuse; poor prognosis
Nephrotic |
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Give the main association:
Minimal change disease Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
Children; fused podocytes
Often preceded by respiratory infection or immunization Nephrotic |
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Give the main association:
Diffuse membranous glomerulopathy Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
Drugs, infections (malaria, syphilis), SLE, malignant carcinomas; most common nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic |
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Give the main association:
Type I MPGN Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
HBV, HCV
Nephrotic |
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Give the main association:
Type II MPGN Is it nephritic or nephrotic? |
C3 nephritic factor (auto-antibody to an enzyme that cleaves C3); chronic renal failure
Nephrotic |
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What are the main differences between nephritic and nephrotic syndromes?
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Nephritic:
1) Neutrophil damage to glomerulus 2) Periorbital edema, HTN 3) RBC casts (KEY FINDING) Nephrotic 1) Cytokine damage to glomerulus causes loss of negative charge 2) Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day; KEY FINDING); pitting edema 3) Hypercholesterolemia 4) Fatty casts and oval fat bodies |
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Name the association:
Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease) |
Diabetes
Type 1 more likely to get than Type II Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the glomerulus basement membrane |
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Name the key associations:
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
Children < 10
E. coli O157:H7 Triad: thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia |
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Name the key associations:
Nephrosclerosis |
Blacks and diabetics
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis Mild proteinuria, hematuria w/ no RBC casts, renal azotemia |
