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66 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Scientific Revolution
movement in 16/17th centuries
will evolve into the scientific study that exists today
Why is Scientific Rev. so delayed?
General theory that the Ancient Greeks and Romans were more advanced than medeival Europeans
Influence of Church: is pursuit of science against religion?
Changes in Medieval thought (aid the advancement)
Renaissance: emerging freedom of thought
Influence of trade through mideast: adv. math
New inventions: research, ideas
Discovery of New World
Relative end of local violence
deductive reasoning
work from small to large
base assumptions on observable events
inductive reasoning
ability to base assumptions without preconceptions
Major question in Scientific Rev?
Is earth the center of the universe?
-Aristotle and Ptolemy said so
-Church says so
-Deductive reasoning says so
Copernicus
-Polish astronomer
-proposed heliocentric theory
-says that if God orders the universe then it should be perfect and predictable; but planets didn't follow logical patterns
-didn't publish work until death
-feared persecution
2 problems Copernicus faced
1. Lacked math necessary to prove his theory(could approximate, not prove)
2. faced opposition from Catholic and Protestant leaders
Heliocentric theory
The sun is the center of the universe
Tycho Brahe
Dutch astronomer that supported Copernican theory
Johannes Kepler
-Tycho Brahe's student
-used advances in math to speculate the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun
Galileo
-Italian astronomer
-believed heliocentric theory
-discovered 4 moons around Jupiter
-Law of Falling Bodies
-Law of Inertia
-was persecuted by Church and forced to recant findings
1616
Galileo appeared before Inquisition in Rome to defend the writings of Copernicus
1623
upon election of Pope Urban VIII Galileo began writing "Dialogue concerning the 2 chief world systems"
1633
Galileo charged with heresy
Sir Isaac Newton
-objects attract each other
-E=M/D
-developed calculus
-Principia
-used math needed to prove planetary motion, created model of universe to las over 200 years and validate heliocentric theory
-developed prisms to understand light and color
-knew Greek and Hebrew to understand Bible
1705
-Isaac Newton was knighted
1727
-Isaac Newton went to heaven
Principia
-published by Sir Isaac Newton
-ordered the universe
Rene Descartes
-"I think, therefore I am"
-Discourse on Method
-wanted to explain religion through logical process
-in understanding universe we are closer to God, not denying His existance
Francis Bacon
-Developed scientific method: produce a working hypothesis then prove through observation and experimentation
1745
electricity is harnessed at Dutch university of Leyden, leads to development of batteries
1752
Ben Franklin's kite blew and blew
-Ben Franklin experiments with lightning as natural electrical source
Alchemy
-4 base elements: earth, wind, fire, water
-mistakes in alchemy lead to authentic chemistry
Robert Boyle
-Distinguishes between compounds and mixtures
-shows the properties of the volume of gases
Joseph Priestly
-discovered oxygen and carbon monoxide and related properties
Antione Lavoisier
Combustion as chemical process
-(Law of Conservation)
Robert Hooke
-first to speculate on cellular structure
-saw plant cells in cut samples of cork
Edward Jenner
-speculated on nature of disease and causation
-developed smallpox vaccine
Karl von Linne
developed syster of taxonomy
James Hutton
-developed working theory concerning geologic time
Alfred Wegener
-idea of plate tectonics
Claudius Galen
Ancient Roman physician
-made dissections on animals and made assumptions on humans
Leonardo da Vinci
-drawings helped advance anatomy
Paracelsus
-Pioneered the advancement of medicine
-correctly deduced that medicine has chemical relationship to healing
Vesalius
-first to perform human dissections
-father of human anatomy
Harvey
-Detailed flow of blood through human body
Anton van Leewenhoek
-father of microbiology
-advanced use of microscope
Thomas Hobbes
-Govt exists to maintain social order and provide security
-mankind exists in barbaric state of nature
-Citizens can't rebel-would break order
-influenced by Plato
-Leviathan
John Locke
-Two Treatises on Govt
-natural rights
-Govt exists to protect natural rights
-Tabula Rasa-blank slate
-influenced by Glorious Revolution
Enlightenment
-movement that applies advances of the scientific rev. on the areas of "soft" sciences
-
Common views of enlightenment thinkers
-Optimism:change is possible and controllable in any society
-Rationality:humans are comprehensive, predictable and lawful
-Secular:downgrading the impact of religion
Deism
God is "master mechanic"
Main hope of Enlightenmnet
Humanity is capable of creating it's own moral code
Major question of Enlightenment
Can imperfect man buld a perfect society?
common themes of enlightened thinkers
1. Constitutional limits on monarchs
2. balance of govt. powers
3. freedom of conscience and acceptance of expression
4. equality before the law
5. state supervision of edu. for all classes
6. abolition of most forms of censorship
Social Contract
-Rouseau
-the govt owes to it's citizens and the citizens owe to the govt.
Enlightenment is a ____ movement
French
French influential thinkers thought....
-admire British democracy
-see British system as advanced over absolute French syster
-tend to object organized religion as an obstacle to reason
Madame de Pompadour
-"official mistress" to Louis XV
-favored Paris over Versailles
Gathering Points
-coffee houses
-salons of wealthy citizens
Why is France leader of Enlightenment?
-People are well educated/ traveled
-French govt corrupt/inept
-polarization of French wealth
-Geography:admire England
-High urban population
Enlightenment in America
well received
-colonial leaders act w/out fear of reprisal
-Locke influences TJ/Declaration of Independence
-Thomas Paine
-Montesquieu=Constitution
Rousseau
-Social contract and Emile
-social contract ensures equality(socialism)
-society corrupts the people
-govt exists to make peope equal
Denis Diderot
Editor of Encylopedia
-Critical of French govt and Catholic Church
-used encyclopedia as editorial and informational piece
Voltaire
-champ of civil rights
-first absolute proponent of free speech
-pushed for tolerance of nobility
-Candide-satirical
"I may not agree with what you say but will defend to my death your right to say it"
Baron de Montesquieu
-Spirit of Laws
-divide govt into 3 branches
-too much power in one branch is dangerous
Adam Smith
-Wealth of Nations
-dispelled economic theory of mercantilism for lassez-faire
-ties capitalism with democracy
Thomas Paine
Common Sense and The Crisis
-defended idea of revollution and liberty against tyrannies of European monarchs and the Church
Ben Franklin
-Leading US diplomat during Revolution
-secured French aid
-Led in creation of Constitution
Thomas Jefferson
-wrote Declaration of Independence
-VA Statute for Religious Freedom
Immanuel Kant
-Critique of Pure Reason
-concept of metaphysics: perception of beauty, love
Alexis de Tocqueville
-traveled America in 1830's
-wanted to know why democracy worked
-family and faith
Henry David Thoreau
-various essays on environmentalism and civil disobedience
-model for Gandhi and MLK Jr.
-people were justified in fighting laws the deemed unfair
Problems the British face in American Revolution
-location
-need to win quickly
-colonies have foreign aid
Monroe Doctrine
prohibits European colonization in the new world, idea that these nations must develop their own govts and identities