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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Medieval Technology |
- No electricity - Usage of windmill = grinning grain, pulping water etc. - Gun powder (invented in China) - Eye glasses - The trebuchet = Projectile launcher |
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Problem with studying medieval technology? |
- Does to leave the same written record like literature scientist, can have advance technology without literacy or science Master-> apprentice (verbally or by demonstration) |
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The Reformation |
Initiated by Martin Luther (1517) - Western European Christianity fractured into Catholic and protestant camps - Churchmen were the scientist at this time |
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Johannes Gutenberg |
- Inventedthe printing press (a press with movable type) - Adaptation to medieval technology (presses used for grapes) - Printing was a Common business ( a lot cheaper than hiring someone to hand-print) More accurate = mechanical printing Genesis from - Gutenberg's 42-line Bible (1455) Medieval illuminated manuscripts = illustrations had to be drawn by hand, however, printing allowed these illustrations (Example: muscle man in natural pose, 1543) = artist would draw it and an engraver would engrave the art to make a master plate |
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Coffee |
Introduced in Europe 16th and 17th centuries - Peoplewould get their water by coffee instead of booze Boil water and use coffee beans - One ofthe important things in the renaissance |
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Copernicus |
(1473-1543) - Astronomy - Motions of Heavenly Bodies (1543) - Favoured heliocentric model of the solar system - Sun centred of the solar system not the earth - Aristarchus's heliocentric model = Duel contradiction way, math good but did not accept the reality - Perlinicin principle = Nothing special about the earth Ptolemy =Explained that Earth in the middle, cannot happen Astrometry: Measures vs. Philosophers: told the reality of things |
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Johannes Kepler |
(1471-1630) -Astronomy -Showed planetary orbitals are eclipsed (Not circles) - earthalways speeds up and slows down, though couldn't explain why the earth orbit ina ellipse - Completed Copernicus' astronomy -Gave horoscopes to rich people - First to write sci-fi books |
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Galileo Galilei |
(1564-1642) - Astronomy, physics, math, philosophy, scientific method - First to use a telescope - Discovered celestial imperfections: sunspots, mountains on the moon, Jupiter's moons - Made"Heaven" seem more down to Earth, had imperfect aspects |
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Sir Isaac Newton |
(1642-1727) - Astronomy, physics, math, philosophy of science - Idea the universe operates on simple, universal, quantitative laws - Encouraged people to think |
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Leonardo Da Vinci |
(1452-1519) - Few projects, and did not publish/organize his scientific work - Learned anatomy from as an art apprentice -There was public dissections available - Did his own dissections - Produce anatomical illustrations (example the heart) - Tried to understand how the human hear worked (didn't know that blood circulated - Had cold blooded view of dissections - Tried to build the flying machine (studies birds, drew birds in flight) Interested in geology (looked for fossils in the Alp's) - Didn't believe the genocide flood theory Dissected pigs In order to understand the heart |
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Andreas Versalius |
(1514-1564) - Produced the first accurate, high-quality book of human anatomy = "On the Fabric of the Human Body" (Published same year as Copernicus book) - Precocious anatomist - Studied in Paris - Did dissections for Jacobus Sylvius (A galenist) - Skeptical of Galen's Anatomy - Found Galen never dissected = gave him confidence about his work - Teacher of Anatomy at padua (Showed dissection in class/grave robbing) - Observed no pores (which galen claimed to be there) - AcceptedGalen's philosophy = God made a perfect human being |
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On the Fabric of the Human Body |
By Andreas Versalius Two main virtues: anatomical correctness and high-quality illustrations Consisted of seven parts: skeleton, muscles, vascular system, nervous system, abdominal viscera, thoracic viscera, brain and eye |
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Michael Servetus |
(1511-1553) - Significance of mark of Freedom of thought - Radical and bold thinker in a hard time to be one - Followed Versalius to University of Paris (Did dissections) - Wonderer or fleeing discoverer - Arrested servetus and was sentenced to be burned by the stake (common death) - His fate made people think about their religious consequence (Wars of religion) |
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In Restoration of Christianity |
Books writen my Servetus - Book that got him burned - Argued to understand human spirit one mist understand human body - Argument for pulmonary circulation 1. no pores 1. Pulmonary arteries were huge 3. Arterty = Dark blood, Vein = bright red blood 4. Statedthat blood went to the lungs that turned the blood lighter in colour |
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Realdo Colombo |
(c. 1510-1559) - Anatomist - Sucessor to Versalius at University of Padua - Friend of Versalius until he claimed his work was anatomical incorrect - Wantedto replace versalies work, with his own anatomy text - Didhe have excess to Servatus work or did he think of it himself |
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Girolamo Fabrici |
(c. 1537-1619) - Also at University of Padua - Physician and anatomistInterestedin the bumps in the veins (valves in the veins) - Mappedthese vales (veins have lots of these valves but not the arteries) = showedthat they were one way valves = though they were keeping blood away from themiddle of the body = His student gave a full explanation |
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Willian Harvey |
(1578-1657) - Student of Fabrici - Physician to King James I and King Charles - Established double circulation and use of numerical numbers - lectured in the College of Physics - Highlighted the mechanical aspects of organismal function (made people wonder if organisms can be explained mechanically) - Model of experimental, quantitative biology - Afraidof publishing = questioning the ancient could cause verbal abuse - Work suggested blood transfusion as treatment for blood loss |
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On the Movement of the Heart |
By William Harvey - Published 1628 - Problem concerning Galenic physiology Why were the blood a different colour in veins and arteries (Galen: Venous blood: Nutrients while Arterial blood: vital spirits and innate heat) - Asserted valves are need because they ensure one way flow/makes blood go back to the heart - Arteries have positive pressure, therefore, valves are not needed, veins have no pressure from the heart beat - Did vivisections on animals - He made estimated of how much blood was expelled in each heart beat = 2oZ of blood/heart beat = 100Ibs/hr. (shows blood needs to be recycled, we don't eat enough food to supply all that blood) |
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Mechanism Vs. Vitalism |
Mechanism:Things that are complicated but have same laws seen outside of organisms (Living processes consequences of fundamental law of physics, mechanics and chemistry) Vitalism:Vital forces that is not explainable (example pneuma or Chi) (Living processes depend on a vital force that is not explainable in physical, mechanical, or chemical terms) |
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Rene Descartes |
(1596-1650) - Crude but influential mechanism - Model of living things involved physics and engineering (No chemistry) - Inspired mechanical concepts (pressure, fluid flow) - Unitedgeology and algebra - Humans are mechanisms = possess soul to direct actions - Animals are mechanisms without souls - Inspired by Harvey's work - Universe itself was a mechanism |
