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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Science?
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Science is the intellectual and practical activity used to solve problems and questions about the world around us. The answers found need to be tested to prove they are true.
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What Processes Do Scientists Use In Order to Understand the World Around Us? Give examples.
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Scientists use the Scientific Method, a systematic search for information, based on checks and re-checks of new informations to determine whether original ideas are correct. Scientist use two types of reasoning: the inductive one, using observations to generate new knowledge; and the deductive one, using information already existing (knowledge) to generate new predictions about new situations.
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What are Hypothesis, Theory and Law? Give examples.
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Hypothesis: it is an educated guess that need to be checked and re-checked, because they it could also be wrong. Ex: Every time I wake up at 8am, I arrive in class on time. Theory: it is a widely accepted explanation of observed phenomena (hypothesis), supported by repeated testing. Ex: Heliocentric theory. Law: it is an universally true description of observed phenomena (hypothesis) in the universe. Ex: Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
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What is Ethics?
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Ethics is the study of goodness (what we should want) and rightness (what we should do).
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Acts versus Omissions? Give examples.
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If, by failing to act, a life is lost that would otherwise have been saved, are we at fault? Did we as good as take that life? In other words: do our omissions carry the same weight as out actions? Ex: Testing on animals for Cancer research.
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Principles of Ethical Research: the three R’s?
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The three R’s are: Replacement: use something other than animals. Reduction: use as few animals as possible. Refinement: use methods which minimise pain and suffering.
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What is a Clinical Trial?
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A clinical trial is a trial carried for the first time in order to develop a treatment, or medicine, or a procedure, that can benefit society or an individual.
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Phases of clinical trial?
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Phase 0: human macrodosing studies. Phase I, small group (10-200) healthy volunteers: assesses safety and tolerability of drug. Phase II, larger group (20-300) patients: assesses dosing requirements and then assesses efficacy. Phase III, randomised, controlled, large scale groups (300-3,000). Phase IV, post-marketing surveillance.
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Double-blind Trials
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In the double-blind trial both the patient and the doctors do not know which drug is given, then records are kept by clinical trial researchers.
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